HUMAN RESOURCES(MANAGEMENT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HUMAN RESOURCES(MANAGEMENT) - Essay Example After World War II, it shows that numerous legislatures embrace an increasingly dynamic job as to work relations (Bamber et al. 2004 p 12). Bain and Clegg (1974) just as Clegg (1976) express that difference in the elements of aggregate haggling in different nations is the most significant component in the molding of association conduct. This may speak to a hypothesis of worker's organization conduct with respect to aggregate haggling anyway Clegg doesn't think of it as a total hypothesis of exchange unionism, since hypothesis doesn't explain the political activities of worker's guild. Regardless of whether the hypothesis was far reaching enough, it would not still not be considered as of hypothesis of mechanical relations. The elements of aggregate anticipating Clegg are for the most part influenced by the structure just as mentalities of businesses' relations and the board. State inclusion through enactment may likewise be a prevailing impact on the off chance that it happens at a sufficiently beginning time during the advancement of aggregate bartering. In the event that it was an exhaustive hypothesis of mechanical re lations it would mull over these variables also. Hyman (1994) bolsters Clegg's investigation of association conduct, for the most part because of the way that the hypothesis neglects to depict the progressions that occur in the worker's organization thickness and strike conduct in the next years. He underlines on effect of variables of political-financial like worldwide rivalry that is strengthened, the capital and business rebuilding, just as the fall of Keynesianism in a nation. He expresses that, as national institutional game plans without a doubt help with forming the impact of these powers on mechanical relations, he bolsters Shalev (1980) thought that 'the association of modern relations should in any case possess close to the situation of factors that are prevailing in hypotheses which are similar in nature. A solid hypothesis must stress on political economy. Anyway we are left with no far reaching record of national contrasts. Establishments can be referred to as side effects , and not as causes, with separation in foundations among nations being principally sign of the force dispersion just as the aftereffects of contentions among various gatherings when these organizations begin working (Shalev 1998 p.248).Institutions additionally imitate gathering's aggregate vital decisions, just as the selection of associations alongside work developments to follow a way which is political in nature. As per Poole (1984; 1986; 1993) the distinctions that are found in mechanical relations organizations just as training in various nations have a solid establishment in the vital options of various gatherings to that of the business relationship (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1984 p16). These gatherings are fundamentally social 'on-screen characters' who structure the courses of action of the organizations where they work. The

History of the American Flag free essay sample

Shockingly, history specialists have always been unable to check this beguiling form of occasions, in spite of the fact that it is realized that Ross made banners for the naval force of Pennsylvania. The narrative of Washingtons visit to the flagmaker got well known about the hour of the countrys first centennial, after William Canby, a grandson of Ross, told about her job in forming U. S. history in a discourse given at the Philadelphia Historical Society in March 1870. What is known is that the principal informal national banner, called the Grand Union Flag or the Continental Colors, was raised at the command of General Washington close to his home office outside Boston, Mass. on Jan. 1, 1776. The banner had 13 rotating red and white flat stripes and the British Union Flag (a forerunner of the Union Jack) in the canton. Another early banner had a diamondback and the maxim â€Å"Dont Tread on Me. † The main authority national banner, otherwise called the Stars and Stripes, wa s endorsed by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777. We will compose a custom article test on History of the American Flag or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The blue canton contained 13 stars, speaking to the first 13 provinces, yet the design changed. In spite of the fact that no one knows without a doubt who structured the banner, it might have been Continental Congress part Francis Hopkinson. After Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the Union in 1791 and 1792, separately, two additional stars and two additional stripes were included 1795. This 15-star, 15-stripe banner was the â€Å"star-radiant banner† that roused legal counselor Francis Scott Key to compose the sonnet that later turned into the U. S. national song of praise. In 1818, after five additional states had picked up permission, Congress passed enactment fixing the quantity of stripes at 13 and necessitating that the quantity of stars equivalent the quantity of states. The last new star, carrying the aggregate to 50, was included July 4, 1960, after Hawaii turned into a state. To add to the puzzle encompassing the primary American banner, specialists can just speculation the explanation Congress picked stripes, stars, and the hues red, white and blue for our banner. History specialists and specialists dishonor the normal hypothesis that the stripes and five-pointed stars got from the Washington family crest. While this hypothesis adds to Washingtons incredible association in the advancement of the main banner, no proof ways out to show any association between the two. As further disproof Washington loathed those sorts of trappings. The genuine importance of the images in our banner might be attached to antiquated history. Stars were a gadget speaking to keeps an eye on want to accomplish significance. The basic representation trying the impossible created from this thought. Another chance may originate from Freemasonry. Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Robert Livingston, Paul Revere and other notable individuals of that period had a place with the mystery brotherly request. They may have impacted the consideration of stars in the American banner in light of the fact that, alongside pyramids, curves, compasses and the infinitely knowledgeable eye, stars were known to be a significant symbol in Masonry. The utilization of stripes in our banner might be connected to two prior banners. A 1765 Sons of Liberty banner flown in Boston had nine red and white stripes, and a banner utilized by Capt. Abraham Markoes Philadelphia Light Horse Troop in 1775 had 13 blue and silver stripes. Either of these banners likely impacted the structure of the American banner. The most coherent clarification for the shades of the American banner is that it was designed according to the primary informal American banner, the Continental Colors. Thusly the Continental Colors was most likely structured utilizing the shades of Englands Union Jack. The shades of the Great Seal are equivalent to the hues in the American banner. To credit importance to these hues, Charles Thomson, who helped structure the Great Seal, answered to Congress that White connotes virtue and guiltlessness. Red solidness and valor and Blue ignifies cautiousness, tirelessness and equity. In 1986 Pres. Ronald Reagan adjusted Thomsons clarification by saying The shades of our banner connote the characteristics of the human soul we Americans love: red for boldness and availability to forfeit; white for unadulterated expectations and high standards; and blue for watchfulness and equity. In spite of the fact that we may not know the entirety of the individuals who impacted the creation and stru cture of the principal American banner, the banner itself has affected extraordinary energy and keeps on doing as such right up 'til the present time. Socially, strategically and inwardly, the American banner has taken on an importance unparalleled by some other countrys national token. What do the hues rely on: The shades of the pales (the vertical stripes) are those utilized in the banner of the United States of America; White implies immaculateness and blamelessness, Red, strength amp; valor, and Blue, the shade of the Chief (the wide band over the stripes) means cautiousness, determination amp; equity.

How and Why Music Can Be Therapeutic

How and Why Music Can Be Therapeutic Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print How Music Can Be Therapeutic By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on August 19, 2019 Dougal Waters/Digital Vision/Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Physical Techniques Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Listening to music can be a quick route to getting yourself into a better mood, but its becoming increasingly clear that theres much more to the benefits of music than just a quick boost for your outlook. Research has shown that music has a profound effect on your body and psyche. In fact, there’s a growing field of healthcare known as music therapy, which uses music to heal. Those who practice music therapy are finding a benefit in using music to help cancer patients, children with ADD, and others, and even hospitals are beginning to use music and music therapy to help with pain management, to help ward off depression, to promote movement, to calm patients, to ease muscle tension, and for many other benefits that music and music therapy can bring. This is not surprising, as music affects the body and mind in many powerful ways. Therapeutic Effects of Music The following are some of the effects of music, which help to explain the effectiveness of music therapy: Brain Waves Research has shown that music with a strong beat can stimulate brainwaves to resonate in sync with the beat, with faster beats bringing sharper concentration and more alert thinking, and a slower tempo promoting a calm, meditative state. Also, research has found that the change in brainwave activity levels that music can bring can also enable the brain to shift speeds more easily on its own as needed, which means that music can bring lasting benefits to your state of mind, even after you’ve stopped listening. Breathing and Heart Rate With alterations in brainwaves comes changes in other bodily functions. Those governed by the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing and heart rate can also be altered by the changes music can bring. This can mean slower breathing, slower heart rate, and an activation of the relaxation response, among other things. Music and music therapy can help counteract or prevent the damaging effects of chronic stress, greatly promoting not only relaxation but health. State of Mind Music can also be used to bring a more positive state of mind, helping to keep depression and anxiety at bay. The uplifting sound of music and the positive or cathartic messages that can be conveyed in the lyrics can all be routes to a new mental state as well. This can help prevent the stress response from wreaking havoc on the body and can help keep creativity and optimism levels higher, bringing many other benefits. Other Benefits Music has also been found to bring many other benefits, such as lowering blood pressure (which can also reduce the risk of stroke and other health problems over time), boost immunity, ease muscle tension, and more. With so many benefits and such profound physical effects, it’s no surprise that so many are seeing music as an important tool to help the body in staying (or becoming) healthy. Music Therapy With all these benefits that music can carry, its no surprise that music therapy is growing in popularity. Many hospitals are using music therapists for pain management and other uses that support their patients health. Music therapists help with several other issues as well, including stress. For more information on music therapy, visit the American Music Therapy Associations website. Using Music on Your Own to Improve Health While music therapy is an important discipline, you can also achieve many benefits from music on your own. (You may have already been doing this since you were a teenager, but its a great idea to keep incorporating music into your daily life as you age through the life cycle, as we now know.) Music can be used in daily life for relaxation, to gain energy when feeling drained, for catharsis when dealing with emotional stress, and in other ways as well. Most of us know from experience that music can dissolve the stress of a log drive, keep us motivated to exercise, and take us right back to positive experiences in our past, which can be a happiness booster and a stress reliever.

Political Science And Its Influence On The Country s...

Introduction Political Science teaches us about how political power is dispersed, how different governments operate and interact, how rules are made and enforced. We will come to know both the who of politics, such as international organizations, politicians, and the public, and the how†, such as political institutions, elections, and public administration. Politics have its essence in every aspect of our lives, including the availability of education, jobs, housing and healthcare. Whatever government does and whoever supports the government everything have its influence on the country s current situation whether to be in war or in peace. Political science is the study of a wide range of political knowledge, events, actions, and institutions. We all take part in politics, though most of the time we do so unknowingly. Politics is not only about simply voting in an election or working in government. When we read or listen to news, make donations to aid groups, or talk with friends and family about social issues and values are some of the examples of political activity in our everyday lives. Political Science is concerned with the many institutions, organizations and norms that determine how people apperceive society, and in turn, how they interact within it. In Political Science, multiple issue can come for discussion like Power or it can be democracy or government as well, in order to aware us about our surroundings, and our place in it. When we acquire enough knowledgeShow MoreRelatedThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus on the micro level of interaction. However, in more recent time s a third position has developed which attempts to breakdown this duality between the relative importances attached to social actors versus social structures. 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Until the 1990s, Taiwan was able to conquer her diplomatic isolation by expanding the international trade and investment flows to all of her business partners regardless

Equity Sensitivity and Negotiators Perceptions in Negotiations Free Essay Example, 2500 words

A positive connection exists between equity sensitivity and negotiators perceptions of their counterparts cooperative behaviors. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Prof. Gerald R. Williams set up a series of experiments on comparison of cooperative and competitive styles of negotiations, where he experienced lawyers from across the USA. He found that 65% of them expressed cooperative, while only 24% - competitive negotiation strategies. Effective negotiators are said to have the following personal characteristics: they are rational, experienced, perceptive, creative, analytical, self-controlled, intelligent and honest. (Williams, 1983)Salacuse (2003) outlined ten factors that influence a person in negotiations. Here belong the one, called emotionalism , that can be rated as high or low . According to the researcher, Latin Americans show their emotions at the negotiating table, while Japanese and many other Asians hide their feelings (p. 231). That can also influence the outcome of the negotiations. For example, Chen (2004) explains that the public expression of anger is considered bad manners in China (p. 14). During negotiations, the people involved perceive each other and interpret the behavior they see , often on a subconscious level. We will write a custom essay sample on Equity Sensitivity and Negotiators Perceptions in Negotiations or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Status and role of a person play their great part in perceiving a negotiator. Costello (1963, p. 3) stays that the perception of the negotiation in his organization in the case when people know and don t know his organizational role is different, as so their behavior.

Affirmative Action The Nation’s continuing battle for racial equality Free Essays

Affirmative action is a policy of the State which has for its goal the elimination of historically rooted discrimination against men and women of colour. This is an active response of the State to the overwhelming concern of racial discrimination happening in the country and around the Globe. The existence of different nationality, race and ethnicity is a fact that has been long recognized. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action: The Nation’s continuing battle for racial equality or any similar topic only for you Order Now The looming problem in our society is determined by the equality of opportunities and the degree of acceptance. By acceptance it means the openness of firms, companies, and other institutions to hire men and women of colour. One need not look too far beyond to see how self-interest has been the ruling factor that has caused all development and transformation in the world. The formation of human rights seem to be the perfect illustration to this as it has been primarily geared towards the conscious regard to the political rights of the people. Through time, the ancient civilizations sought for more responsive policies then for more progressive ones as these clamours push for the commencement of social and cultural rights as well as economic rights respectively. This relative expansion in the coverage of human rights is not limited to narrow scope of the international sphere. This improvement transcends all the aspects of a political man. That is, in consideration of the triumvirate of goods or the different active determinants in the life of an individual â€Å"the political events, economic situation as well as the societal condition all lend a hand in the establishment of a singular prototype that would shape an individual. As a result, the manner and level by which an individual’s need would be catered to is the final cause of human advancement. This means that all growth and evolution depends on the intensity of human involvement to achieve what he wants. As a corrective measure, Affirmative action’s primary purpose is to cure defects in the government and other sectors of society. These defects are mainly caused by social strife, injustices, violation and discrimination in areas that include business, education and the military. This has been seen by the state as a necessary meant to tip the scale in favor of those who have been disadvantaged over the years. Protection of every citizen is the primary goal and objective of its citizens. This entails not only the protection from physical harm but also the assurance that the citizen is not disadvantaged in terms of work opportunities. Affirmative action is a means of the State to promote the welfare of the people. However, the real question is â€Å"can racial equality be achieved in business, education and the military without the use of policies that promote Affirmative Action?† On the other hand, it would appear that the primary objective of every individual is of getting those that he needs which would ultimately result in the progress of the entire society. This situation typifies the idea of self-interest as the governing factor that qualifies international growth and transformation. There is nothing inherently wrong with this; however, in this day and age, much of the development in the field of Politics should be and has been generally focused on policy-making and procedural re-awakening aimed in attempting to legislate policies that would make a more peaceful international community shared by men and women. Racial equality is an old issue but it remains to be of great national concern given the fact that existence of affirmative action is a way to remind us of the importance of recognizing and respecting individual rights of persons, regardless of race.    How to cite Affirmative Action: The Nation’s continuing battle for racial equality, Essay examples

System Documentation and Risk Analysis

Question: Discuss about the System Documentation and Risk Analysis. Answer: Introduction Even if an organisation is making a profit, it needs to manage its cash flows optimally in order to be successful in the long run. Cash management is centred on managing cash in a manner that the generally accepted goals of the company utmost profitability with utmost liquidity are achieved. The current paper revolves around JK Saddlery a maker and seller of saddlery. The report evaluates the manner in which the companys processes take place. Level 0 (logical) DFD for JK Saddlery A logical data flow diagram depicts how the company operates and its processes represent the business activities. This diagram is helpful in determining what information the system is receiving and what it is sending out. The manner in which the business processes interact with other processes is also identified through this diagram. A software named Computer Aided Software Engineering is usually deployed to draft the DFD. The use of CASE has several inherent benefits such as the implementation of non-standard information for each part of the diagram etc. (Arlbjorn, 2010) JK Saddlerys Logical DFD is illustrated below: Figure 1: Level 0 (logical) DFD Structured Narrative Table No. Entity Input Process Output 1 Cashier Sales order Yes/no 2 Cashier Stock ID Information check Yes/no 3 Cashier Bill number Bill Generation Credit or cash 4 Account receivable Cheque Depositing cheque in bank Entries Context Diagram Figure 2: Context Diagram Process Map A process map is essentially the visual explanation of the direction in which a processs activities flow. A process map basically contains a flow chart of the organisations main processes. When one reads a process map it should be from left to right or top to bottom and efforts should be made to minimise the reverse flow of the arrows so that the readers do not face any confusion (Damelio, 2016). The process map of JK Saddlery which is provided below seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of its operations and processes to determine improvements wherever there are bottlenecks. Figure 3: Process Map Assumptions made: The company carries out both physical sales through its retail shop and online sales through its website. JK Saddlerys main operations involve sales order request, completing the sales order, receipt of payment, management of cash and bank deposit. In online sales, the sales order is received on the website and immediately provided to the client. Payment made through credit cards by online customers is received directly in the bank account. Data Flow Diagrams Analysis The above figures demonstrate that when an order is placed by a buyer, the salesperson conveys this information to the cashier in the shop. Online orders are also communicated to the cashier. This is followed by preparation of sales order by the salesperson which contains the details of the product and takes it to the cashier for its final completion. The flow charts make it evident that the process flow is through the cashier to the management. Conclusion The above diagrams provide an overview of the processes and activities of JK Saddlery and it can be concluded that the company has a very basic system set-up and involves the main role of the cashier. References Arlbjorn, S. J., 2010. Business Process Optimization. Academica. Damelio, R., 2016. The Basics of Process Mapping. 2nd ed. CRC Press.

Thomas Jefferson Essays (972 words) - Libertarian Theory

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jeffersons ideals and beliefs were derived from a deep regard for life, liberty, and freedom. His concept of individual freedoms strongly disagreed with the notion of a guided republic which he believed concentrated a great deal unchecked power among a few people. This could have the potential of tyrannical government that might suppress personal freedoms of any kind especially those of religion, which Jefferson feels very strongly felt should be protected. After fighting hard to rid America of British domination, Jefferson was determined to create a government that was responsible to, and derived its powers from, a free people. As the writer of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Jefferson is thought by many to be the founder of the Democratic Party. He was foremost among the influential men who believed that laws should be made by those who are to obey them. Thomas Jefferson pushed hard to create a government that would serve and p rotect all its constituents. A guided republic is a form of government where an essentially omnipotent council determines the legislation passed by the legislative body. Though the legislative and executive branches may be elected by the people, they supervising power is not and therefore has the ability to rule in any way they please. The council can, and often does, refuse the rights to freedom of press, speech, and religion. They may prevent bills that attempt to revive these powers and, in the same sense, may prohibit people from speaking about ideas that oppose those of the council. This governing group does not hesitate to use violent force to protect their power. At its worst, a guided republic is a tyrannical form of government, whose people are denied basic rights to life. The people in a guided republic are not the constituents but the subjects of their government. Thomas Jefferson believed that all Americans should have the freedom of language and sentimentas derived from the laws of nature . In his most famous document, the Declaration of Independence, he stated that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain [inherent and] inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness . Jefferson was a strong advocate of a bill of rights within the Constitution. In a letter to James Madison, he says that he did not likethe omission of a bill of rights providingfor freedom of religion [and for] freedom of the press . Jefferson was in favor of religious freedom because it did him no injury for [his] neighbour to say there are twenty gods, or no god . Jefferson wrote the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom which essentially stated that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion . He summarizes his feelings in letters to both E lbridge Gerry and Edward Carrington, where he writes that he is against all violations of the constitution because the basis of our governments should be the opinion of the people, [and] the very first object should be to keep that right . Jefferson wanted a separation of powers within the government in order to prevent one person or group having a tyrannical hold over the nation. He believed that concentrating these [powers] in the same hands [was] precisely the definition of a despotic government . He knew that a singular governing force had the potential of becoming oppressive over the people because he had witnessed it when every basic colonial right wasviolated by subsequent [British] kings and parliaments . Against the dogma of a guided republic, Jefferson thought that each branch should be independent of the othersto protect itself from enterprises of force attempted on the by the others Thomas Jefferson would fervently disagree with the notion of a guided republic for a number of reasons. His strongest underlying sentiment was that every society must at all times possess within itself the sovereign powers of legislation or a legislature to whom [the people] may have delegated sovereign authority , an idea vehemently opposed by a guiding council. Jefferson did not think that the people should be governed under a very energetic

World War I essays

World War I essays It is hard to point out one specific incident that led to World War I but rather it was a culmination of many different events that led to the most catastrophic war of its time. The United States pledged to stay neutral during the war but with great economic investments with the allies the United States found itself involved in exporting billions of dollars worth of provisions to England and France. President Wilson devised a foreign policy to protect America but he could not keep the United States out of the war. By the time the United States entered the war Wilson was already working on his Fourteen Points and League of Nations policies. The events that led to World War I are complex. The origins of the war are still controversial. Germans desire for greater power and influence led to an arms race with Britain. Britain responded by building a more powerful navy. Germany was looking for overseas colonies, which led to clashing with both Britain and France. The Austria-Hungarian Empire had problems with the Balkans especially Serbia. On June 28, 1914 the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia came to a head when a Slavic terrorist group assassinated the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination triggered a chain of events that culminated in the worlds first global war. Europe had divided into two alliances: the Triple Alliance, which included the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the Triple Entente, which consisted of France, Russia and Great Britain. After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia refused the impossible demands Austria-Hungary asked of them. On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, bound by treaty to Serbia, announced its plans to mobilize its army in defense of Serbia. The mobilization of Russias troops would take six weeks. Germany viewed Russia&a...

Day care in the chicago, IL downtown area Assignment

Day care in the chicago, IL downtown area - Assignment Example Globalization on different parts of the continent has made it difficult for parents to provide for and at the same time care for their children. This is caused by the changes in the economy amongst other factors that influences a parents’ ability to stay at home and take care of the children. This is a big problem as several reported cases on burnt or burgled homes; always involve young children left at home alone by their parents. Chicago, IL Downtown Area is famous for daycare services because of its diverse population. A daycare service center in Chicago, IL Downtown Area will be of great significance to working parents and single parents as it will provide them with an opportunity to live their children under the care of trained individuals and safe environments. Situational Analysis The situational analysis of the daycare in the Chicago, IL Downtown Area refers to the general position at which the day care is operating. The situational analysis of the daycare in Chicago i s also the SWOT analysis of the daycare. The daycare in Chicago stands to benefit from numerous opportunities available in the city like the loans and other credit for commencing the business offered to small businesses by various workshops in Chicago. However, policies and procedures in the Chicago, IL Downtown Area might pose a challenge for the daycare because of the time and resources that will be used in registering the daycare and making it formal(Connell 202). The weaknesses that the daycare in IL Downtown Area will be experiencing are that it may be able to provide individualized attention for each individual child brought in their care. Secondly, is that it may not accrue much profits when it decides to refuse to take ill children inside their premises. The threats of the daycare in the Chicago, IL Downtown Area is that it will expose children brought inside the premises to various diseases because of the many children who will be attending the facility and they might be he ld accountable for the spread of diseases or sicknesses amongst the toddlers (Hershfield 49). Market Summary The demand for services in the Chicago, IL Downtown Area is increasing by the day as most parents and single parents find themselves committed to other productive and non-productive activities like taking nightshift employment or going out on a night dinner. The market is flooded by several daycare services and each are coming with strategies to outdo each other in the market. In addition, to the targeted single and working parents, daycares in Chicago, IL Downtown area also targets the non-working rich parents and sick parents. These types of individuals always lead a lavished lifestyle and at times are uncomfortable with the responsibilities of looking after their young ones. Sick parents are not always in positions to take good care of their young ones since their sickness drains off their energy. This is disturbing as they find it challenging to monitor their selves whils t at the same time looking after their babies (Hershfield 50). Market Demographics Market demographic factors involves factors like age, sex, economic status level of education, income amongst other factors influencing the choice of a consumer in purchasing. Market demographics will be of significance to the daycare in Chicago, IL Downtown Area as it assists in identifying targeted audiences. This is resourceful as the company is able make a prediction using the demographics available to set up a center that will serve the needs of the existing population in the area. The composition of population will also assist in obtaining data used by the company to relocate resourceful information by the daycare on the

The 1980s Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The 1980s Crisis - Essay Example This was caused by excessive and continous borrowings even at a negative interest rates and rising commodities which was aggravated by the the Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) decision to raise the price of fuel which drove the interest rate of repayment and made the Latin American countries, particularly Mexico unable to service its loans (Buerkle, 2007). II. Background In the 1960s and 1970s, Latin American countries likeArgentina, Brazil and Mexico was experiencing tremendous growth in their respective economies (Swan, 1992). They capitalized on this growth by embarking on an industrialization program and borrowed heavily from foreign creditors to finance their industrialization program particularly their infrastructure projects. Given the performance and the prospect of the economies of these Latin American countries, foreign creditors granted them loans. These loans continued that in the span of seven years (1975 to 1982) of continuous loans, it had a cumulati ve annual rate of 20.4 percent. This translated to the contiunous accumulation of debts. Latin American country’s loans which was only $75 in 1975 rose to a staggering amount of more than $315 in 1983. These loans already amounted half of the region’s GDP or Gross Domestic Product. As a consequence, debt payment, both on the principal and the interest, increased rapidly that it amounted to $66 billion in 1982 when debt service was only $12 billion back in 1975. The Oil Crisis When the Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) initiated in October of 1973 the increase of the world price of oil to as much as much as five times and backed by a selective embargo which was directed against the industrialized countries, Latin America and developing countries took the hit because of their vulnerability to external shocks (Street, 1978). Of the 19 countries that has to import oil, they have to pay OPEC’s increased price by an additional amount of $4.8 billion more in 1975 and added $5.2 billion in 1975 (Robichek, 1975:1). To make the matter worst, Latin American countries’ trade fell as a result of the global recession that was aggravated by the OPEC’s decision to increase the price of oil. As a result, the demand for Latin America’s primary products decreased while production cost increased because the price of imported materials from industrial nations also increased due to the increase of price in oil. This resulted to the region’s â€Å"deterioration of balance of payments current accounts of $2.5 billion above their expanded oil import costs in 1974, and of $2.9 billion in 1975† (Robichek, 1975:1). The Effect of the Oil Crisis OPEC’s decision to increase the price of oil contributed to the recession of the US economy in 1974 to 1975. This decreased the demand for loans in the domestic economy. These loans however was availed by Latin American countries which had a tremendous appetite for for eign loans (Hawkins And Maese, 1986). The global economy also slid into recession after the OPEC’s decision to increase its price in oil. The crisis that OPEC precipitated was however unusual as it transmitted even to countries that did not experience the â€Å"stagflation† of matured economies such as United States and Europe. â€Å"Until 1970, 15 Latin American countries enjoyed relative stability in the cost of living, and only 4 experienced price level increases in excess of 15 percent per year† (Inter-American Development Bank, 1977:6). Brazil which had always managed to decreased its inflation rate in the 1960s experienced an increase of 13% inflation in 1973 which increased further in 1976 to as much as 42% (International Financial Statistics, 1977:53). Its annual growth of over 10% from 1968 to 1974 fell dramatically to only 4.2% in 1975.

Good Managers Are Born Not Made Management Essay

Good Managers Are Born Not Made Management Essay The key to a successful organization is said to lie within a good manager. It is in fact the effectiveness of this manager and the qualities that they possess that are vital to the development and preservation of an efficient management system within a corporation. The question remains however, as to whether or not these good managers are born, if they possess qualities that will mould them into fantastic leaders of the future. Or are they made? Is it possible to develop and acquire the necessary skills to become the good manager a successful organization needs? It should first be acknowledged that leaders and managers are often referred to assuming they are the exact same thing however, there are some differences that need to be clarified. There is often some confusion due to the fact that it is particularly difficult to define a manager because a universally accepted definition does not exist. According to Tripathi, (2008, p.2) a manager is one who contributes to the organisations goals indirectly by directing the efforts of others-not by performing the task himself. Leadership and management are closely interrelated because if you are a manager of an organization, you are in essence the most important leader (Kouzes Posner 2010, p.338). The most obvious distinction between a leader and a manager lies within what leadership refers to. Leadership does not refer to a position at the top of an organization and just because a manager holds that specific position, it does not mean they are leading. Leaders have willing followers where their right to lead is earned from those followers through their influence. They intend to make change using their personal power and cannot use coercion but instead inspire with their vision (Huth 2001). A manager on the other hand, must hold the authority to achieve results through other people whereby their right to manage is granted by ownership. Managers must be in a position of power where they can use coercion and coordinate activities (Huth 2001). However, nobody can deny that one compliments the other. It could appear that based on the above one could quite possible be born a leader but not a manager, although this can also be disputed. Kouzes and Posner (2010, p.339) consider it a myth that the noti on of leadership is reserved for those lucky enough to be born with it. Leadership is, an observable set of skills and abilities (Kouzes Posner 2010, p.338). Therefore the query still remains as to whether a good manager can be made; it may just be that a good manager must also be required to possess good leadership skills. There are surely many corporations that still value the theory that: Good managers are born not made, however the common organizational failures that can be detected within many individual companies suggest that this theory is in fact flawed. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) suggest that management development is a huge way to increase the effectiveness of managers within an organization. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) make a strong point emphasizing that even though according to popular belief the ability to manage is an inborn capability, there is a contemporary view that the KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics) which all work to develop an effective manager can be learned or acquired. Nonetheless, before touching on how companies can establish a new found understanding on developing effective management within an organization, the notion of management development must firstly be explained. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) defined management developme nt as: An organizations conscious effort to provide its managers (and potential managers) with opportunities to learn, grow, and change, in hopes of producing over the long term a cadre of managers with the skills necessary to function effectively in that organization. The definition above supports the notion that management development should be seen specific to a particular organization. This is due to the fact that each organization is unique and should aim to develop individuals into effective managers within the context of the particular organization. In addition, the entire idea behind management development is the fact that employees are granted the opportunity to learn, grow and improve. Therefore when you refer this back to the ability to further develop ones skills, according to Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) it assists managers in learning how to learn. The authors also indicate that management development is made up of three components: (1) management education, (2) management training, and (3) on-the-job experiences (Werner DeSimone 2006, p.442). It is these very components that Werner and DeSimone believe strongly contribute to the development of an effective manager. Williamson (2006) concurs that on the job experience is one of the most significant learning curves. According to Williamson (2006) an effective manager is made up of a range of skills that go beyond the misconception that the sole role of a manager is to tell people what to do. Williamson (2006) made a list of characteristics and skills that are necessary for a manager to possess to therefore be effective. Some of these skills and characteristics include; being knowledgeable by understanding the goals and objectives of the company. Understanding the expectations you must meet along with the goals and objectives. Appreciating and understand the value of their team, being empathetic and knowing how to manage their time and use their time efficiently, passing those skills onto their team. All of the above are examples of skills that are gained through training and through experience, in conjunction with the components of Werner and DeSimone. A good manager is required to work hard and pour a lot of effort into his job experience to extract the necessary lessons from each experience, learning and growing. There is disagreement amongst management writers about the classification of managerial functions however Tripathi (2008, p.3) classifies the functions into six types; Planning, Organising, Directing, Controlling, Innovation and Representation. Planning is the function that determines what should be done, preparing for the future. Organising refers to providing the business with everything useful to its functioning including, personnel, raw materials, tools, capital. Furthermore Tripathi (2008, p.3) includes staffing as a function within Organising whereby the manager attempts to find the right person for each job. Just by taking these two functions as an example it can be noted that life and work experience play a huge part in the development of an effective manager. One cannot be born with the knowledge to understand the needs of an organisation nor can they have the experience to judge a persons capabilities and allocate them the appropriate job. These capabilities are acquired and developed over time. There will always be the belief that good managers are born and in fact not made, because they hold the ability to manage which is something innate and cannot be imparted by training.

Making the Climb :: Personal Narrative Hiking Essays

Making the Climb The alarm clock rang and I forced myself out of bed. I took a shower, ate breakfast, brushed my teeth--all my other normal morning routines. But that day was not normal at all. I was going to do something with my English class that I never thought I would do. I was going to hike up Poly Canyon. With a horrible night’s sleep and a sore throat, I was not in the mood to undergo a â€Å"moderately strenuous† hike, but I pushed myself to get ready. Once the entire class had assembled, we made our way to the Poly Canyon gate where we would meet Professor Marx. The overcast sky and moist air were usual characteristics of San Luis Obispo mornings. I was not yet accustomed to this: I never dared to go outside before eight o’clock in the morning. The rest of the class shared my irritation over the fact that it was freezing and very early. After passing by dormitories and the Cerro Vista Apartments, we reached the meeting place where I could just make out the sight of Mr. Marx. Unlike the rest of us, he was bright eyed and ready to begin the walk. Silence swept over the entire group as we began our trek. Nothing could be heard except the crunch of gravel underneath our feet and the occasional explanatory interjections by our professor regarding the surrounding plants and rocks. Huge formations of serpentinite created a wall on one side of the trail, and on the other side the mountains were covered in blankets of coastal scrub. After a few minutes every bush and rock looked the same to me and I could not identify with Mr. Marx’s admiration for the beauty of that area. Even with the surprising deer sightings and geological features around me, I could only think about the end of the hike. Twenty minutes into the walk on the tan graveled road, something caught my eye. A tall antique-looking arch of rocks faced us. Its looming frame forced us to crane our stiff necks to view it. The very top was wearing thin and looked as if it was going to collapse in on itself. The arch was the entrance to a path lined with a low rock wall on either side. The mist created a moist refrigerator-like atmosphere; we gladly sat down on the walls to take a break. Making the Climb :: Personal Narrative Hiking Essays Making the Climb The alarm clock rang and I forced myself out of bed. I took a shower, ate breakfast, brushed my teeth--all my other normal morning routines. But that day was not normal at all. I was going to do something with my English class that I never thought I would do. I was going to hike up Poly Canyon. With a horrible night’s sleep and a sore throat, I was not in the mood to undergo a â€Å"moderately strenuous† hike, but I pushed myself to get ready. Once the entire class had assembled, we made our way to the Poly Canyon gate where we would meet Professor Marx. The overcast sky and moist air were usual characteristics of San Luis Obispo mornings. I was not yet accustomed to this: I never dared to go outside before eight o’clock in the morning. The rest of the class shared my irritation over the fact that it was freezing and very early. After passing by dormitories and the Cerro Vista Apartments, we reached the meeting place where I could just make out the sight of Mr. Marx. Unlike the rest of us, he was bright eyed and ready to begin the walk. Silence swept over the entire group as we began our trek. Nothing could be heard except the crunch of gravel underneath our feet and the occasional explanatory interjections by our professor regarding the surrounding plants and rocks. Huge formations of serpentinite created a wall on one side of the trail, and on the other side the mountains were covered in blankets of coastal scrub. After a few minutes every bush and rock looked the same to me and I could not identify with Mr. Marx’s admiration for the beauty of that area. Even with the surprising deer sightings and geological features around me, I could only think about the end of the hike. Twenty minutes into the walk on the tan graveled road, something caught my eye. A tall antique-looking arch of rocks faced us. Its looming frame forced us to crane our stiff necks to view it. The very top was wearing thin and looked as if it was going to collapse in on itself. The arch was the entrance to a path lined with a low rock wall on either side. The mist created a moist refrigerator-like atmosphere; we gladly sat down on the walls to take a break.

Insider Trading: Should It Be Abolished? Essay

Insider trading is defined as â€Å" trading whilst in possession of non-public information and if known to the public, may lead to a substantial movement in a security’s price† . In Australia it is prohibited by insider trading regulation (IT regulations) in the Corporations Law (CL) 1991 , though it was initially established from recommendations made by the Rae committee in 1974 on the mining company scandals . The latest law changed one single section to 20 wide and complex sections, causing critique of Australia IT regulations . Henry G Manne argued that IT regulations should be abolished supported by three basic economic arguments. This essay will examine the pro and contra of each argument and shows that IT regulations have spoiled the notion of fairness at the expense of efficiency, despite the objective of any securities markets regulation to promote both aspects . 1. Insider trading could compensate corporate entrepreneurs . Pro and Contra This argument is supported by Carlton and Fischel who argued that the IT regulations are the same with setting government regulation of terms and conditions of employment; similar to restrict salary bonuses, stock options, vacation leave, and the others which can motivate management for their entrepreneurial skills . However their assumptions ignore the difference between the volatile share price and a certain amount of normal compensation. As argued by Easterbrook, where there is a volatile share price, the management compensation argument reverts into a â€Å"lottery-ticket argument† . Because in the volatile share price, even informed traders will hardly predict the increase or decrease of share price in the future. The high fluctuation equalizes the possibility of losing their investment and getting profit, which as called ‘compensation’. From the two extremes, It can be concluded that compensation argument can be valid if the share price is relatively stable otherwise not all insiders can get their compensation through insider trading. Director’s fiduciary duty to Shareholder However, if IT regulation were only applied for a liquid market, what is the role of fiduciary duty? In Exicom’s case fiduciary argument was established where persons who are subject to a legal relationship of trust and confidence, arising from either a prior relationship with the securities issuer (typically directors, employees and corporate agents) or the other party to trade should not make a profit from that position or allow a conflict of interest to arise. Moore supports IT regulation on the basis of fiduciary duty. He reasons that directors have some fiduciary duty to their shareholder to fully disclose all information they could benefit from. His idea is supported by the fact that although there is no general principal that directors owe fiduciary duty to shareholders (in addition to the company), with the purpose to prevent directors when in the position of holding confidential information to spread the it to outsiders , such duty in recognized in Hooker’s case . Sub Conclusion Insider trading as a compensation for corporate executive is argued only happened in a stable market where they can use the information to predict the trend otherwise the profit compensation turn to be a lottery compensation. Here fiduciary duty of the insiders is questioned where in Hooker’s case it is possible that directors owe fiduciary duty to shareholder although there is no general principal on it. 2. Insider Trading Contributes to Market Efficiency Pro from Leland and Estrada Manne argued that ‘allowing an unfettered market in information will have salutary effects unheard of in connection with regulatory â€Å"disclosure†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . Recently, Leland and Estrada also stated similar idea that insider trading contributes to market efficiency through signaling where signal-trading by insiders pushed share price more quickly towards its equilibrium price. Pro from Empirical Measures Theory Moreover, empirical measure presents a theory; the more information gets into market, the lower transaction cost, the more liquid the market and the smaller volatility produced. Since investors get more helpful information to predict market trend, the transaction cost here is lower. Transaction cost is the cost to take the risk if the companies, which they invest in, somehow default. Thus lower transaction cost is equivalent to lower risk, which can encourage more investor to trade. As trading in the market occurs significantly in one flow (either buy or sell) based on the information they got, the volatility, which represented by the bid-ask (difference between the buy and sell quotes at any one time), decreases. Consequently liquidity increases. Evidence from Real Study In practice, Dodd and Officer found evidence that no significant abnormal returns (return of a security over its average or expected return) occurred on the day take over rumour was published, although some abnormal returns typically occurred prior to the publicity of rumour. This prior abnormal return must be because of insider trading, as the unpublished information they possess allow them to predict the trend up to takeover bid, thus, at the date of take over published, market already reached equilibrium price. Contra from Cox and Georgakopoulos and Response from Wyatt However, there are some disagreements on Manne argument. First, Cox claims that insider trading cannot make the price movement towards equilibrium price purely by their own actions . Also microstructure theory by Georgakopoulos, which states that whether support or against insider trading is depending on the market liquidity . A liquid market as discussed in the compensation arguments will give more benefit to insiders because the votality is lower and they can easily predict trend in stable price, hence, IT regulations in this case can be useful. On the other hand, illiquid market leads both insider and outsider traders away regardless the information they received since the votality is high and even unpublished information may just let them gamble on the security’s price, hence, in such market the presence of IT regulations has no effect to the market. The idea is that the uninformed traders is discourage to involve in market because of unfairness arise from the profit making activity by informed traders, hence, reducing the market effectiveness. For all that, both claims can be doubtful considering Wyatt suggestion that outsiders follow insiders action and further can encourage market liquidity . His suggestion is also supported by the fact that trader’s identity is kept confidential, thus, uninformed traders cannot be certain of the percentage of informed traders which make them discourage from trading. IT Regulation Distorts Market Efficiency Further issue is whether IT regulation increase market efficiency or it just increase the cost of compliance for companies and financial services firms? If IT regulation inhibits market efficiency then it should be revised. IT regulations in Australia reinforces continous disclosure (CD) regulations such in Crown Casino’s case where the chairman, who has no power on the company’s behalf, disclosed information to outsiders before the board disclosed it to the Exchange. The court emphasized on the breach of continous disclosure specifically on the abuse of the term ‘immediately’ . If IT regulation is just a flip-case of CD regulations, then it is obsolescent, as CD regulation already governs tardy disclosure . Sub Conclusion nsider trading contributes to market efficiency by moving the share price more quickly towards equilibrium price is supported by empirical measure which shows that insider trading increase market liquidity, and by Dodd and Officer finding on significance abnormal returns prior to take over rumour instead of on the date of publicity. Although Cox and Georgakopoulos go against the concept, Wyatt response that their arguments can be the contrary, that informed traders can be an opportunity for uninformed traders to get profit by following them instead of discourage them by unfairness. 3. Insider Trading and Long-term Investors Pro and Contra Finally, insider trading does no significant harm for long-term investors , â€Å"whose market decisions will be a function of time† . In detail, Manne asserts that the less frequent someone trades, the less significant effect of the unfair use of valuable information from insider trading they receive. Such investors just make investment on the basis that they are timely and not affected by the share price, which is affected by insider trading. However, this view is questioned by Schotland . He argued that even long-term investor needs cash and when they need it they will consider to ait for a right price to sell it. Further, Manne suggest that long term investor can ignore price to avoid being harmed by the effect of insider trading, expect for one, which is the lost of not having inside information in the range of the buying and selling price so that it is insignificant. Here Manne only refers to one investment. Yet, how about when the investors have more than one (in which the common condition to diversify)? They may need to watch a series of share price otherwise they will end up will sell it with no profit after putting so much faith waiting for it. Sub Conclusion Insider trading does no significant harm for long-term investors as they just invest on the basis of time instead of share price and only need to watch insignificant loss from the valuable information exploited by insider trading. The idea is fully objected by Schotland by arguing even long-term investors need cash and should consider the right price to sell the share. Also the insignificant loss only refers to one share, but in practice long-term investor such as retirees diversify shares by holding more than one. Conclusion In summary, the essay demonstrates a number of both pros and contras of whether insider trading should be abolished. Looking the above discussion, insider trading should be outlawed as it can cause significant harm to investors. It is also contradict with fiduciary argument. However, Insider trading is also evidenced contribute to market efficiency. Moreover, as in Crown Casino’s case, IT regulation is criticized to be a mere flip-case of CD regulation and the presence just increase the cost of compliance. Therefore, It would be better if IT regulations is revised in a way that promote both fairness and efficiency equally.

Linguistic Relativity And Linguistic Determinism - 1767 Words

A topic that is controversial in the field of psychology-particularly cognitive psychology- is the Sapir-Whorf Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. This hypothesis, developed by Edward Sapir in 1929 with the help of his student Benjamin Whorf, states that language affects cognition and perception (Kay Kempton). The two main components of this theory are linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Linguistic relativity is the idea that the grammar and structure of a language affect cognitive processes in some way, while linguistic determinism goes beyond that claiming that one’s native language affects their whole world view and values (Kay Kempton). Linguistic relativity can and has been subject to many psychological experiments. However, it is more difficult to research the concept of linguistic determinism as it is hard to determine one’s â€Å"world view† in a scientific manner (â€Å"Language and Thought†). In addition, one person’s view of the world may not be the same as everyone’s view of the world who speaks the same language. Particularly in the case of widely used languages that are spoken across many cultures, such as English and Spanish. Together, the ideas of linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism form the Sapir-Whorf Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Researchers have looked at components like grammar and vocabulary to show how language can affect cognition, particular how one’s native language affects the perception of concepts like time. One studyShow MoreRelated Sapir-Worf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity845 Words   |  4 PagesSapir-Worf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity The romantic idealism of the late eighteenth century, as encountered in the views of Johann Herder (1744-1803) and Wilhelm von Humboldt (I 762-1835), placed great value on the diversity of the world’s languages and cultures. The tradition was taken up by the American linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), and resulted in a view about the relation between languageRead MoreWhat Are The Four Primary Types Of Human Adaptation?1685 Words   |  7 PagesTheory of Linguistic Relativity, states that the actions and thoughts of an individual are determined by his or her language. In other words, this hypothesis claims that the perception of reality is shaped by the individual’s thoughts. According to Sapir, â€Å"It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflecti on† (69). 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Benjamin Lee Whor f, representative researcher for linguistic relativity, argues that language determines thought, and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories. Universalism, which is a contrasting concept to the linguistic relativity, assumesRead MoreTo What Extent Does Language Influence Thought? Essay2740 Words   |  11 Pagesway we remember things and the way we perceive the world was first introduced by the influential linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf (Harley, 2008). The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, today more commonly known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, holds that â€Å"each language embodies a worldview, with quite different languages embodying quite different views, so that speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways† (Swoyer, 2003). In the late 1990sRead MoreThe Way Specific Language Is Structured Can Shape How A Person Understands About And Perceives Reality?2114 Words   |  9 Pag esprincipal of linguistic relativity which states that the way language is structured can affect the speakers’ world or cognition. In order to believe that what one person perceives is dependent on the spoken word, you must believe the idea that thought is dependent on language. The Theory of Linguistic Relativity, or the Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis states that, â€Å"†¦one’s language shapes one’s view of reality† (Badhesha, R. S. 2002). The theory can be broken down into two parts, linguistic determinism and linguisticRead MoreSemantic Theories Of Natural Language1247 Words   |  5 Pages Slobin claims†There is a process of â€Å"thinking for speaking† in which cognition plays a dynamic role within the framework of linguistic expression: Dan L. Slobin () describes a cognitive process, which he labelled thinking for speaking . This is the kind of processes in which perceptional data and other kinds of pre linguistic cognition are translated into linguistic terms for the purpose of communicating them to others. â€Å"Thinking for speaking† involves picking those characteristics that (a)Read MoreGilead Literary Analysis1885 Words   |  8 Pagestotalitarian regime by using language to regulate the words and ideas that people can express, similar to linguistic determinism. In Eleanor Rosch’s (1974) article of Linguistic relativity, she identified both a strong and weak version of the linguistic relativity hypotheses, a degree in which language is presumed to influence our thought and behavior. The weak hypothesis is linguistic relativity, where linguistic categories and usage only influence thought and decisions. (Rosch, 1974). However the Gilead’sRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning902 Words   |  4 Pagesboth a macro level [institutional arrangements] and micro level [e.g. conversation]. In this part, I will outline main principles of the Vygotsky’s theory of linguistic mediation [based on the definition of language as a mean of mediation ] and Whorf ‘s theory [based on definition of the language is as a shaper of ideas]. 1.1 The Linguistics Mediation of Psychological Processes â€Å"Language as a mean of mediation† According to Wertsch [1985], Vygotsky’s primary concern was with language as a psychologicalRead MoreThe Relation Between Cognition And Language2500 Words   |  10 Pagesrelation between cognition and language has been a curious topic for many decades now. Cognition plays a dynamic role within linguistic expression Most of current discussion in layman’s crowd is on a speaker’s ability to impart influence on an audience. We study the power of language in propaganda. We look at the sway that specific words have on an individual’s emotions. Linguistic scholars have looked into the opposite- the influence of words on the speaker. Around the world there are almost 8000 languages