Delphi Compiler Version Directives

If you plan on writing Delphi code that should work with several version of the Delphi compiler you need to know under which versions your code gets compiled. Suppose you are writing your own commercial custom component. Users of your component might have different Delphi versions than you have. If they try to recompile the components code—your code—they might be in trouble! What if you were using default parameters in your functions and the user has Delphi 3? Compiler directive: $IfDef Compiler directives are special syntax comments we can use to control the features of the Delphi compiler. The Delphi compiler has three types of directives: switch directives, parameter directives, and conditional directives. Conditional compilation lets us selectively compile parts of a source code depending on which conditions are set. The $IfDef compiler directive starts a conditional compilation section. The syntax looks like: {$IfDef DefName} ... {$Else} ... {$EndIf} The DefName presents the so-called conditional symbol. Delphi defines several standard conditional symbols. In the code above, if the DefName is defined the code above $Else gets compiled. Delphi Version Symbols A common use for the $IfDef directive is to test the version of the Delphi compiler. The following list indicates the symbols to check when compiling conditionally for a particular version of the Delphi compiler: SYMBOL - COMPILER VERSIONVER80 - Delphi 1VER90 - Delphi 2VER100 - Delphi 3VER120 - Delphi 4VER130 - Delphi 5VER140 - Delphi 6VER150 - Delphi 7VER160 - Delphi 8VER170 - Delphi 2005VER180 - Delphi 2006VER180 - Delphi 2007VER185 - Delphi 2007VER200 - Delphi 2009VER210 - Delphi 2010VER220 - Delphi XEVER230 - Delphi XE2WIN32 - Indicates that the operating environment is the Win32 API.LINUX - Indicates that the operating environment is LinuxMSWINDOWS - Indicates that the operating environment is the MS Windows/li]CONSOLE - Indicates that an application is being compiled as a console application By knowing the above symbols it is possible to write code which works with several versions of Delphi by using compiler directives to compile appropriate source code for each version. Note: symbol VER185, for example, is used to indicate Delphi 2007 compiler or an earlier version. Using VER symbols Its quite usual (and desirable) for each new Delphi version to add several new RTL routines to the language. For example, the IncludeTrailingBackslash function, introduced in Delphi 5, adds  \  to the end of a string if it is not already there. In the Delphi MP3 project, I have used this function and several readers have complained that they cant compile the project—they have some Delphi version prior to Delphi 5. One way to solve this problem is to create your own version of this routine - the AddLastBackSlash function. If the project should be compiled on Delphi 5, the IncludeTrailingBackslash is called. If some of the previous Delphi versions are used, then we simulate the IncludeTrailingBackslash function. It could look something like: function AddLastBackSlash(str: string) : string;begin{$IFDEF VER130}   Result:IncludeTrailingBackslash(str) ; {$ELSE}if Copy(str, Length(str), 1) \ then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Result : str   else   Ã‚  Result : str \;​{$ENDIF}end; When you call the AddLastBackSlash function Delphi figures out which portion of the function should be used and the other part is simply skipped. Delphi 2008 Delphi 2007 uses VER180 in order to maintain non-breaking compatibility with Delphi 2006 and then adds VER185 in order for development that specifically needs to target Delphi 2007 for whatever reason. Note: any time the interface of a unit changes the code that uses that unit has to be re-compiled. Delphi 2007 is non-breaking release meaning that DCU files from Delphi 2006 will work as-is.

Gender Stereotyping Is A Pervasive Issue Across Different...

Introduction Gender Stereotypes are fixed assumptions about the traits of women and men, their capabilities, and how an individual should behave based on their gender. (Gender stereotype, n.d.alleydog.com) Gender stereotyping is a pervasive issue across different countries and cultures, whether acknowledged or not. The occurrence of stereotyping is usually based on the categorization of an individual as a member of a social group, the traits that are associated with this social group, and the judgment and behaviours towards the individual. (Blair, 2002) Literature Review Children can be easily influenced at an early age to acquire gender stereotypes by factors such as the individual’s environment, interactions with peers from school, authoritative figures such as parents and teachers, and the media. A United States study with ten-month-old children found that at this age could already detect gender-related categories (Levy and Haaf 1994). This is why it is essential for parents to be aware of the child’s environment and the type of parenting roles and skills that the child is able to observe everyday in a household. Case in point, according to the social learning theory (Bandura 1977), parents are role models for gender stereotypes through their own behaviors, occupations, and hobbies, implicitly influencing gender-stereotypical behaviors in their own children (McHale et al. 1999). The children may have a high possibility of imitating what the parents haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music On Our Country Today1661 Words   |  7 Pag es Music in today’s day and age has the ability to be a very pervasive form of media. There is an indisputable truth that media has the ability to effect the masses. But, the effect of music and the message it is sends to its listeners is not always a positive one. I am aiming to describe how sexism in music is an epidemic in our country today. I’ll also be comparing and contrasting different music genres, to see if certain types of music are better or worse than others. A common phrase in mediaRead MoreThe Overt Forms of Racism Evident in Canada3351 Words   |  13 PagesServing Immigrants). Racism and stereotyping is a covert problem that is fomented by the media. Advertising is notorious for milking stereotypes and promoting all types of social biases through imagery and targeted product marketing. The truth is, racism seems to sell products. Foreign markets and domestic advertisers, the story goes, pay more for entertainment products which feature white people in lead roles, (The Economics of Ethnic and Racial Stereotyping). The entertainment sector alsoRead MoreEthnocentrism: Major Effect on Organizational Behavior3918 Words   |  16 PagesEthnocentrism: Major Effects on Organizational Behavior Abstract This research paper defines the term ethnocentrism as a means to make assumptions or judgments about other cultures from one’s own point of view. This paper details the various problems that an ethnocentric view presents when dealing with different cultures. The effects of cultural diversity on organizational behavior are complex and powerful. This paper will also explain that a diverse workforce, which represents a changing worldRead MoreThe Status Of A Woman Essay1846 Words   |  8 Pageswomen as objects of desire. Be it Mandakini, Parveen Babi or the current crop of actresses. From Sheila Ki Jawaani to Munni ki Badnaami , its usually women who are utilised as objects of desire and sexual objects. The situation is no different in Indian culture where birth of a girl child is frowned upon with disdain in some parts of India and shockingly even among elite and educated Indians, whereas the Birth of a boy is celebrated. Indian cinema is the biggest culprit as the reach and impactRead MoreGlobalization- the Leadership Challenge2500 Words   |  10 Pagesthe cable. You cut the cable, it comes in on the internet. And its not only in the room with you. You eat it. It gets inside you. Globalization refers to a process of increasing economic integration and growing economic interdependence between countries in the world economy. In an article titled The globalization of markets, Levitt(1983) had predicted a new commercial reality- the emergence of markets on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude. He puts forward a theory of globalization whereRead MoreThe Status Of A Woman Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesdesire. Be it in the case of Mandakini, Parveen Babi or the current crop of actresses. From Sheila Ki Jawaani to Munni ki Badnaami , its usually women who are utilized as objects of desire and sexual objects. The situation is no different in Indian culture where In reality the birth of a girl child is frowned and looked down upon with disrespect in some parts of India and shockingly even among elite and educated Indians, whereas the Birth of a boy is celebrated. Indian Cinema as a whole isRead MoreDeath Of Black And White Penal : Hell Hole, Popular Media, And Mass Incarceration1904 Words   |  8 Pagesrates, and statics in state and federal prisons. African Americans have a higher risk of mass incarceration because of popular media and historical stereotyping. Using Yvonne Jewkes’ Punishment in Black and White Penal â€Å"Hell-Hole,† Popular Media, and Mass Incarceration, African Americans are greatly more affected by media influence and historical stereotyping within mass incarceration. The reasons for incarceration vary greatly from child support to capital murder. While it is important to know most  peopleRead MoreCultural Practices between Men and Women in Nigeria1858 Words   |  8 Pagesthirty first yearly covention of the Association of Nigerian Authors, points out that â€Å"writers are the world’s window into a culture† Adesanmi (2013). Novelists, biographers, historians, scriptwriters, and more recently, bloggers are the constant that record and catalogue the culture, norms and trends of a particular period or people. Through creative writing the culture of a group of people is revealed and documented. This project is a collection of fictional short stories, it is titled Cold HeartRead MoreInternational Business Midterm Essay3837 Words   |  16 Pagesglobalization generally refers to ___d__. a. increasing loyalty to your own country b. global competition characterized by networks that bind countries, institutions, and people. c. competition in an increasingly borderless world d. b and c only 2. Which of the following is correct about measuring globalization: C a. The United States is the most globalized country. b. Globalization is measured using only economic factors. Read More Societal Interpretations of Buddhism and Gender Inequality Essay4901 Words   |  20 PagesSocietal Interpretations of Buddhism and Gender Inequality The doctrine and basic values of Buddhism are based centrally in equality and provide equal opportunity for both genders, and indeed all sentient beings, to attain enlightenment and the realization of the true Buddha within. However, an interesting discrepancy within the Buddhist traditions occurs in the societal interpretations of Buddhism and the resulting rules and regulations that can show less than equal treatment

Empowerment Essay Example For Students

Empowerment Essay I feel it’s important to learn about the subject of total quality management (TQM) when dealing with operations management. Total Quality Management and continuous improvement put tremendous emphasize on the importance of empowering employees within an organization. When managers give employees certain freedom such as to think and take action on given situations, this act gives employees a sense of power which will make them feel closer to an organization. With empowerment, managers must also accept new responsibilities emerging from implementing this new approach. Organizations have to realize by allowing employees to take corrective action when customers are satisfied, this will lead to improvement in customer service, speedy business transactions, and possibly increases in quality of products. On the other hand, problems can arise if manager fail to combine technical skills with personal skills to manage their human resources. Unproductive decisions, lack of communications, and legal actions are some problems relating to TQM and empowering employees. But to make decision you have to understand there are potential of making errors. The best way to overcome such problems is with a concise training procedure. Each employee that is given responsibility should be properly trained to make such decisions. If an employeedoes not have knowledge to make proper decision, the organization could have some problems. If employees are properly trained, empowering employee can be a cost effective tool for an organization. The positives of empowering employees and the TQM process clearly outweigh its negatives.Bibliography:

Starbucks Coffee Co Essays - Starbucks, Coffee, Frappuccino

Starbucks Coffee Co Starbucks Coffee Co. changed the concept consumers had about drinking coffee. With more than 1000 outlets across the USA (1997 numbers) and the intention of doubling that over the next 3 years and considering international expansion, the company has transformed a simple beverage into a lifestyle accessory with as much elegance as the latest fashion. The Seattle based chain's success over the past 25 years has a lot to do with the quality of the product, which has attracted a loyal and growing following among consumers. The retail strategy has been to put a coffee shop on every corner and to make fresh-brewed coffee by selling only the highest-quality products and charging a premium price. However, the product mix has changed significantly over the years, with beans accounting for about 15% of the chain's sales. Meanwhile, Starbucks is expanding its offerings, with a line of ice cream for supermarkets and a joint venture with Pepsi Cola to market Frappuccino. At the same time, the company continues to develop sales in alternative outlets, including foodservice and non-traditional retail sites as United Airlines, Holland America cruise line, Seattle Kingdome, an Alliance with Barnes & Noble bookstores, among others. As mentioned above, to keep the growing pace, the company is considering expanding to international markets, especially Japan and APAC countries. That's the main objective of this analysis: The strategy to enter into International Markets GENERAL ANALYSIS - The US coffee market is being considered saturated, with bigger chains facing threatening competition among themselves and also from smaller coffee bars. Also the increase of coffee costs led to lower margins, intensifying competition in what has become a crowded market. Recognizing this, Starbucks has turned its attention to foreign markets for continued growth, especially the Asia-Pacific Region. It was also taken into consideration the potential of the Emerging markets, mainly Japan, as per their consumer income increasing and economy growing and another point is that the people in this country are open for western lifestyle, besides of differences in their culture. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS - The gourmet coffee industry has exploded, with a grow rate of 30% per year for the past 3 years, as coffee bars, shops and houses have turned coffee into a trend. According to figures, there were 463 coffee outlets in the country in 1991, but by the middle of 1996, there were 5,425, which means an increase of 1,000%. Bibliography - www.starbucks.com - Boone & Kurtz - Contemporary Marketing 9th Ed ? The Dryden Press - Hitt & Ireland, Michael - Strategic Management Competitiveness and Globalization- South Western College Marketing and Advertising

Worksheet on Combinations and Permutations

Worksheet on Combinations and Permutations Permutations and combinations are two concepts that related to ideas in probability.   These two topics are very similar and are easy to get confused. In both cases we start with a set containing a a total of n elements.   Then we count r of these elements. The way in which we count these elements determines if we are working with a combination or with a permutation. Ordering and Arrangement The key things to remember when distinguishing between combinations and permutations has to do with order and arrangements.   Permutations deal with situations when the order that we choose the objects is important.   We can also think of this as being equivalent to the idea of arranging objects In combinations we are not concerned with what order we selected our objects. We only need this concept, and the formulas for combinations and permutations to solve problems dealing with this topic. Practice Problems To get good at something, it takes some practice.   Here are some practice problems with solutions to help you to straighten out the ideas of permutations and combinations. A version with answers is here.   After starting with just basic calculations, you can use what you know to determine if a combination or permutation is being referred to. Use the formula for permutations to calculate P( 5, 2 ).Use the formula for combinations to calculate  C( 5, 2 ).Use the formula for permutations to calculate  P( 6, 6 ).Use the formula for combinations to calculate  C( 6, 6 ).Use the formula for permutations to calculate  P( 100, 97 ).Use the formula for combinations to calculate  C( 100, 97 ).It’s election time at a high school that has a total of 50 students in the junior class. How many ways can a class president, class vice president, class treasurer,and class secretary be chosen if each student may only hold one office?The same class of 50 students wants to form a prom committee. How many ways can a four person prom committee be selected from the junior class?If we want to form a group of five students and we have 20 to choose from, how many ways is this possible?How many ways can we arrange four letters from the word â€Å"computer† if repetitions are not allowed, and different orders of the same letter s count as different arrangements?How many ways can we arrange four letters from the word â€Å"computer† if repetitions are not allowed, and different orders of the same letters count as the same arrangement? How many different four digit numbers are possible if we can choose any digits from 0 to 9 and all of the digits must be different?If we are given a box containing seven books, how many ways can we arrange three of them on a shelf?If we are given a box containing seven books, how many ways can we choose collections of three of them from the box?

Free Online Religion Courses

Free Online Religion Courses Whether youre looking for a deeper understanding of world religions or simply want to understand your own faith on a deeper level, these free online religion courses can help. With video lessons, podcasts, and exercises, youll be instructed by religious leaders from around the globe. Buddhism Buddhist Studies - If you want details quickly, youll get them with this Buddhist study guide. Choose your topic and your skill level for explanations of Buddhist spirituality, culture, belief, and practice. Buddhism and Modern Psychology - It turns out that many Buddhist practices (such as meditation) have a proven use in modern psychology. Through this 6-unit course from Princeton University, youll explore how Buddhists view the human mind and human problems. An Introductory Course on Early Buddhism - If youre looking for an in-depth discussion of Buddhist philosophy, this course is for you. The PDF lessons walk students through Buddahs life, the four noble truths, the eight-fold path, meditation, and many other essential beliefs. The Central Philosophy of Tibet - For the academically-inclined, this podcast offers a professorial look at Buddhist principles and practices throughout Tibetan history. Christianity Hebrew for Christians - These text and audio lessons are designed to help Christians study Hebrew to gain a deeper understanding of their early scriptures. Truth for the World - These brief lessons include beginning, intermediate, and advanced topics in Bible studies. Students can browse through written lectures and also view short video segments. Both the Old and New Testaments are discussed. Bible Study Lessons - Take a look at these step-by-step Bible study guides to learn more about the scriptures from a Christian perspective. You can download guides as PDF documents or read them online. Once youre done with each section, take a quiz to see how much youve learned. World Bible School - Through this easy-to-understand course, students can learn the essentials of the Bible from a Christian faith-promoting world view. Email and mail correspondence options are also available. Hinduism American/International Gita Society - Through four levels, this course helps English speakers understand the Bhagavad Gita. The course includes an English language version of the scripture and dozens of PDF lessons guiding seekers through the book. Kauais Hindi Monastery - Take a look at this well-organized site to take online classes on the basics of Hinduism, sign up for a daily lesson, or listen to audio discussions. Interesting audio options include: How to Realize God: Like a Childs Self-Discovery, The Gurus Job: Love, and All Knowing Within You: No Good, No Bad. Islam Studying Islam  - Through this site, students can access a variety of course materials including YouTube videos, text-based lessons, and discussions related to essential topics in Islam. Introduction to the Koran: The Scripture of Islam  - From the University of Notre Dame, this course offers an academic look at the Koran, its text, its cultural meanings, and its place in history. Understanding Islam  - This free online course is designed for students relatively new to Islamic beliefs. With quotes from essential texts, graphics, and easy-to-understand explanations, students work their way through three units. Islamic Online University  - For practicing Muslims, this site offers a variety of course options including The Moral Foundations of Islamic Culture, No Doubt: Conveying Islam with Compassion and Reason, and Arabic Speech Simplified. Judaism Jewish Interactive Studies  - These introductory text-based courses help students understand the fundamentals of Jewish belief and practice. Both the Foundations and the Ethics courses are free in PDF format. Hebrew Learning  - If youre looking to learn Hebrew, this is a smart place to start. Explore dozens of brief lessons with audio and interactive graphics. Reform Judaism Webinars  - These webinars focus on topics of interest in Reform Judaism and are available on topics such as Torah Alive: Every Person Has a Name, Sharing Your Harvest with Others: Sukkot and Social Justice, and Jews and the Civil Rights Movement. Judaism 101  - If youre a young Jew between the ages of 18 and 26, consider taking this foundational online course. Youll learn through expert videos, quizzes, and events. Sign up and complete the requirements, and you may even qualify for a $100 stipend.

Dodge Charger SRT8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dodge Charger SRT8 - Essay Example Dodge has made apologies to its customers and followers for Chrysler 200 in the form of presenting a new and mean version i.e. Dodge Charger SRT8 as the car can be tuned to 470 hp which is quite larger as compared to that of Hemi V8. The new Dodge Charger SRT8 has achieved efficiency such that there has been an increase from 6.1 liters to 6.4 liters only in terms of mills along with the torque of the car that can be pumped up to 465 lb-ft. The new Dodge Charger SRT8 has come into limelight in the fall of previous year as the 2012 model. Overall, the price of 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8 is slightly higher than that of 2010 model of the same car amounting to around $41,000. Slight modifications can also be observed in the shape and body of the new model. Snarkier grille along with the blacked-out parts, the crosshair of the new Dodge Charger SRT8 seems to weaken a bit, which is more of a brand personality Dodge Charger SRT8. The wheels used in the car are gaudy 20-inch wheel and a domed se tup has been introduced in the car in place of the hood scoop. The interior of the car has bees been marked with the firm and comfortable seats with adjustment capacities. Steering wheel is more of flat-bottomed style including more electronic mechanisms that can track from 0 to 60 mph times. The center touch screen of the car is supported by lateral g-force. The other features of the new Dodge Charger SRT8 are also quite interesting as well as quite beneficial for the customers. The car has introduced a carryover with a automatic five-speed but at the same time the most significant innovation is that the new Dodge Charger SRT8 will have the facility of paddle shifting. The active suspension of the car is designed in such a manner that both the auto and sports settings facilities are provided simultaneously as well as the introduction new active exhaust feature that helps car in consuming lesser fuel as compared to previous models of SRT8. There is also a new feature built in the ca r which has the ability of dropping down to four cylinders from eight cylinders when fuel economy needs to be maintained. The new Dodge Charger SRT8 is manufactured keeping in mind the environmental issues in mind such that there might be improvement of around 15 percent in figures of city EPA and 26 percent in the highway EPA that can be experienced. The CEO of Dodge and boss of Chrysler design, Ralph Gilles showed his expressions regarding the personality of Dodge Charger SRT8 to the AutoWeek as, "The car has the ability to change personality on the fly," Dodge has the ability of meeting the demands of new Dodge Charger SRT8 and it has also successfully addressed the previous issues that came up with the harshness of the previous other models of SRT. Dodge makes a claim of touching a top speed of 175 mph for Dodge Charger SRT8. The Hemi of Charger SRT8 is the same as of the Challenger SRT8 which can be measured to 392 cubic inches. Gilles also added the fact about the new Dodge Ch arger SRT8 that he can enjoy its ride all over the country, moreover, he the left open the future likelihood of manual transmission of the new Dodge Charger SRT8 as well and anticipating to enter into yet another dispute. "We're listening to our customers very closely," as Gilles keeps an eye on the latest preferences of the Dodge Customer and plans for the upcoming

The Impact of Rising Food and Fuel Prices Essay

The Impact of Rising Food and Fuel Prices - Essay Example The rising trend in international food prices persisted and accelerated in 2008. U.S. wheat export prices skyrocketed from $375/ton in January to $440/ton in March. Thai rice export prices chalked up from $365/ton to $562/ton. The governments of the developed and developing countries adopted various mitigation measures. Specific policy interventions were applied in three broad categories: (i) interventions to assure household food security by establishing food safety nets; (ii) interventions to lessen domestic food prices by way of penalty or administrative action, and (iii) interventions to develop supplies and production of longer-term food supply. Given the three categories of policies there are preferred options that are more reliable and equitable. The best options to address food insecurity is the targeted cash transfers to vulnerable groups. Cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor without changing the chain of incentives that are available to produce more food and without reducing the incomes of poor food sellers. The depth, targeting efficiency and value of the transfer programs depends on the country's level of development. Another set of best options to decrease domestic prices cover the lowering of tariffs and other government taxes on key staples. Many countries impose tariffs on food imports so as to foster domestic production and produce reliable revenues. During a period of increasing prices, the consequent reductions in tariffs and taxes presents a measure of relief to existing consumers at a limited fiscal cost. The subsequent revenue loss arising from the reduction of the tariffs is very important and the fiscal result of implementing this with extra social protection expenditures can require cutbacks in less priority areas. Approximately twenty-four out of fifty-eight countries under study have recently reduced import duties and Value Added Taxes in the phenomenon of rising food prices. Others developing countries, such as the Philippines, implemented a regime of high tariffs to protect domestic food producers and manufacturers.Other countries utilize a policy of implementing a bread or grain subsidies specifically targeted to the poor to handle household food insecurity. In some cases, the introduction of consumer subsidies for staples after the recent rise in food prices. The Government of Yemen provided wheat in public markets at subsidized rates following a rise in food prices. In 2008, the Government of Pakistan implemented a ration card system to distribute subsidized wheat. These measures can be made permanent given the persistent food increase which results in high fiscal costs. Moreover, if the application of all the consumer subsidies are countered by specific measures to keep producer prices low, this can be counterproductive in the end. The one exception to this situation is when price controls are introduced as a temporary measure and are deemed important in terms of a higher social goal. In these exceptional cases, the risks of entrenchment will be minimized. For countries that are grain exporters, there exist political exigencies to ban or tax grain exports in high price years. Some of these countries have fullly applied these methods. These policies tend to have a limited impact on domestic price levels and a relatively negative effect on

The Color Purple Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Essay A symbol of freedom and liberty, individuality yet togetherness; the American Flag has presented an image of America for decades. Ever since Francis Scott Key wrote his poem about the â€Å"broad stripes and bright stars,† the United States of America has been marked with this simple, yet lucid icon of peace and sovereignty. Symbolism in literature plays a bigger part, one that relates an object or ideology to stress a connection to a more discrete or unclear picture. Alice Walker, a novelist, utilizes many symbols to depict the struggle of young African American women to find and rid themselves from captivity. Through many images, Walker allows for recognition between specific symbolic portrayals and the main ideas of the novel. In her novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker uses symbolism to express the transformation of oppressed women in a segregated society from total constraint to self-empowerment and newfound identities. Through the neglected character of Celie, Walker depicts a reconstruction from weakness to authoritative behavior using symbolism. Because she is a woman, Celie is very under-appreciated and not expected to become anything substantial in society. At the beginning of the novel, Celie allows this image of being a â€Å"mule† to control her life. She describes how she is â€Å"another piece of wood†(30) to numb herself from the painful life she lives. However, later in the novel, Shug Avery, a singer whom Celie becomes very close with, tells her to live with freedom and independence, as well as love and passion. Eventually, this guidance turns her to sewing, a symbol introduced to describe Celie’s sense of pride, accomplishment, and individuality. When Mr. ________, Celie’s husband, comes to visit her while she is sewing, he asks â€Å"what was so special bout [her] pants†(276). She says that â€Å"anybody can wear them†(276), except Mr. ________ replies that â€Å"men suppose to wear the pants†(276). New to her personality, Celie snaps back and says, â€Å"So†(276)? Before her newfound identity, Celie would have never talked back to Mr. ______, now called Albert, because s he would have been abused. She has come to the realization that she is not one that needs to back down to â€Å"hierarchy† because of race and gender. Through this journey toward self-actualization, Celie distinguishes a personality with voice and freedom, thus, much different from her past, imprisoned lifestyle. Similarly to the path of Celie, Squeak, an abused character in the novel, learns that she needs to act upon her uncle’s sexually abusive behavior. The reader changes his/her perception of Squeak when she begins to sing, an activity symbolizing power and voice. Her lover, Harpo, discusses her distinct path to reaching this feeling of self-confidence by stating that â€Å"[Squeak] sit in the corner a year silent as the grave. Then you put a record on, [she] come to life†(100). She develops voice, a characteristic most women lack during this time period. Like Celie’s use of sewing, Squeak’s utilization of singing gives the reader a new depiction of character. These specific representations correspond to each individual’s journey to break free from the wrath of these men, and live a life of confidence and fortitude. Furthermore, Walker not only presents symbols as a way to interpret transformations, but also to display identity, specifically in the characters of Celie, Squeak, and Shug. Color, thus, is one symbol that is explained to fully develop ones sense of selfhood. At the beginning of the novel, Celie shops for clothing, and while shopping she â€Å"think what color Shug Avery would wear†(22). Celie looks for the bright colors, the reds and the purples, however is shut down and forced to buy a color that she may not particularly enjoy in the long run (22). Her sense of entitlement seems to be tarnished and her lack of individuality is clearly portrayed. However, Shug â€Å"wears a skintight red dress†(54) reflecting her strong personality and extreme sense of independence. When Celie begins her transition to freedom, she learns about the importance of color. She returns from her visit in Memphis wearing â€Å"little red flat-heel slippers† (220), displaying a sense of uniqueness and individuality that is newly portrayed to the reader. In addition to color, Walker uses names in the novel to symbolize the identity of characters. Moreover, Squeak is given this nickname during the novel, proving how insignificant women’s voice is throughout the story. Celie tells her to make people call her by her real name, however, she doesn’t seem to understand because she is so used to not talking back to the male figures in society and telling them what to do (86). It is evident that she lacks self empowerment; a specific sense of power. Later, she is raped by Harpo, pushing her over the edge. She forces him to call her by her real name, Mary Anges, which symbolizes a feeling of power and authority. Another name that is introduced throughout the novel, is God. Celie writes her letters to God in a very personal way, as though God is a man, a white man reading her every word, yet not concerned with her prayers. Shug talks to Celie and displays her feeling of God by saying that â€Å"[She] believe God is everything†¦Everything that is or ever was or ever will be. And when you can feel that, and be happy to feel that, you’ve found it†(197). Due to Shug’s ability to guide and lead Celie down the correct path, Celie learns to believe that God is not a figure or a man, but yet an essence, a feeling; he is everywhere. She begins to write her letters not only to God, but also to the stars and the trees and the sky, depicting that God is in everything and in everyone. This sensation, passed on by the guidance of Shug, proves that she has moved in a direction of knowledge and passion, toward self-actualization. In the novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker uses the characters of Celie, Squeak, and Shug to display the common themes of transformation and new identity through the literary device of symbolism. Symbolism in literature acts as a depiction of a broad topic; it is a useful tool to help display a wide range of ideas or beliefs. Walker forces the reader to understand that the symbols she uses do not just represent one idea or one focus, but many themes such as the development into a new person, the transition to gain a new identity. These symbols help portray a sense of individuality and power, just as the American Flag does for the citizens of the United States of America. Its powerful image gives way to the greater idea it presents: liberty and entitlement.

Dr. Faustus Essay: Satirizing Renaissance Humanism -- Doctor Faustus E

Satirizing Renaissance Humanism In Dr. Faustus       In Dr. Faustus, Christopher Marlowe has vividly drawn up the character of an intelligent, learned man tragically seduced by the lure of power greater than he was mortally meant to have. The character of Dr. Faustus is, in conception, an ideal of humanism, but Marlowe has taken him and shown him to be damned nonetheless, thus satirizing the ideals of Renaissance Humanism.    M. H. Abram's A Glossary of Literary Terms defines Renaissance Humanism, stating that some of the key concepts of the philosophy centered around "the dignity and central position of human beings in the universe" as reasoning creatures, as well as downplaying the "'animal' passions" of the individual. The mode of the thought also "stressed the need for a rounded development of and individual's diverse powers... as opposed to merely technical or specialized training." Finally, all of this was synthesized into and perhaps defined by their tendency to minimize the prevalent Christian ideal of innate corruption and withdrawal from the present, flawed world in anticipation of heaven. (p. 83)    The character of Faustus is reasoning and very aware of the moral (or immoral) status of what he is undertaking. His opening speech is devoted to working out logically why he is willing to sacrifice both the road to honest knowledge and his soul in favor of more power. (I, 1-63) He exhibits, in his search for power, anything but animal passion; he indeed exhibits a chilling logic as he talks himself out of the possible delights of heaven. Not only is he intelligent, he also demonstrates a broad base of learning, another quality admired and upheld by humanists.    In several sections of the play, F... ... with the world hereafter. (p. 83)    Christopher Marlowe was not a Humanist, as evidenced by how clearly the tragedy that was Dr. Faustus exemplified the downfall of a humanist and reinforced themes which conflicted with the basic tenets presented by Renaissance Humanism. If this reading is to be believed, the man was in fact violently and intelligently opposed to it. It is difficult to imagine a more effective and thorough attack on the mentality and methodology of the humanist than Dr. Faustus.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Marlowe, Christopher Dr Faustus in ed. WB Worthen. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama, 2nd edn., Texas: Harcourt Brace 1996.    Steane, J.B Marlowe Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1965.   

English Pronoun Chart and Exercises

Subject Pronouns – I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they- function as the subject of a sentence: I live in New York. Do you like playing tennis? He doesn't want to come this evening Object Pronouns – me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them- serve as the object of a verb. Give me the book. He told you to come tonight. She asked him to help. Possessive Pronouns – mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs- show that something belongs to someone. Note that the possessive pronouns are similar to possessive adjectives (my, his, her). The difference is that the object follows the possessive adjective but does not follow the possessive pronoun.For example – Possessive Pronoun: That book is mine. – Possessive Adjective: That is my book. That house is mine. This is hers. those seats are yours Demonstrative Pronouns – this, that, these, those refer to things. ‘this' and ‘these' refer to something that is near. ‘that' and ‘those' refer to things that are farther away. This is my house. That is our car . These are my colleagues . Those are beautiful flowers. A. __Use the correct personal pronouns.Watch the words in brackets. Example: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) Answer: She often reads books. 1) ___is dreaming. (George) 2) ___ is green. (the blackboard) ) ___ are on the wall. (the posters) 4) ___ is running. (the dog) 5) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I) 6) ___ are in the garden. (the flowers) 7) ___ is riding his bike. (Tom) 8) ___ is from Bristol. (Victoria) 9) ___has got a brother. (Diana) 10) Have___ got a computer, Mandy? B. __Choose the correct objective pronouns . Example: I have got a sister. ___ name is Susan. Answer: I have got a sister. Her name is Susan. Hi Daniel, ___ name is John. This is ___ friend Jason. He's 12. ___sister is nine. ___ pet is a budgie. ___name is Dickens. Jason and I go to the same school. There are 450 boys and girls in ___ school.Jason's form teacher is Mrs. Peterson. She has got a pet, too. ___pet is a tortoise. Our form teacher is Mr. Smith. I like ___lessons. He has two dogs. The dogs love to play in ___ garden. Now I have a question for you. What's ___ pet? Yours, John C. __Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns. This book is (you) . The ball is (I) . The blue car is (we) . The ring is (she) . We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they) . The luggage is (he) . The pictures are (she) . In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it) . This cat is (we) . This was not my fault. It was (you) .

Hnc Poverty Essay

|In this report you will read about poverty and what is meant by poverty. Included will be an exploration of the differences between | |absolute and relative poverty. You will also read about the relationship between poverty and inequality, covering the types of | |inequality between gender and class and also, the extent of poverty in the current British context. I will also cover causes of | |poverty and inequality using sociological theories. Ending this report you will read into the effects of poverty and inequality in | |relation to behaviour, experiences and life chances on young people. | | |Poverty can be defined as â€Å"The state or condition of having little or no money or material possessions†, (Oxford English | |Dictionary). There has been two approaches brought forward by sociologists and these are absolute and relative poverty. Absolute | |poverty refers to basic conditions being met for an individual or group to live in a physically healthy state.These conditio ns | |include sufficient food, shelter and clothing; if these are not met, it is seen as absolute poverty. (Townsend 1979). The second | |approach is relative poverty and is based upon the standard of the overall living in society. It is when individuals or groups are | |living to a lesser standard to others within the society. | | | |Another factor that can cause inequality within society is class. This relates to a division of groups within society.Class has | |been seen as a major factor determining â€Å"the production, distribution and redistribution of resources†. (Townsend 1979). | |Depending on your class group, it will dictate where you are placed in the hierarchy of the society, which will affect your access | |to the gains and resources in society. There are four classes in society; these are the underclass, the working class, the middle | |class and the upper class. The inequality of class causes poverty as individuals are limited to wealth, resources and opportun ities | |within society.A case of inequality that relates to poverty is gender. This is when men and women are treated differently from each| |other regarding their roles and position within society. It is fair to say that women have been treated as less than equals and have| |had lesser opportunities within employment and chances | | | |Within Scotland, there were 980,000 people living in relative poverty and 620,000 across Britain working but living in relative | |poverty in 2007. (www. bbc. com).There were also 250,000 children living in relative poverty, and 150,000 children living in absolute| |poverty within Scotland in the same year. (Save the Children in Scotland). | | | |A feminist perspective is the sociology theory you could use to show the causes of poverty and inequality. The feminist perspective | |believes there is a general thought in society, that there is a gender division in the employment market, and males are | |breadwinners, whereas women are housewives †Å".Many women throughout the world encounter discrimination just because of their gender | |even though the government created the ‘sex discrimination act 1975’, which is now ‘The Equality Act 2010’, to prevent sexual | |discrimination, as it still continues today. Throughout the years it has been well known that women have faced discrimination in | |areas such as employment, education, and the use of facilities such as golf clubs etc. Due to the gender inequality within Britain’s| |society the man is the bread winner, and that the woman stays at home, cooks cleans and looks after the children.Over the years it | |has created a culture that is engrained within our society. This leads to a woman often working part time or in low paid jobs, if | |working at all. Also, if they are working, they are less likely to be selected for promotion or managerial posts, because it is not | |seen as a woman’s position or because of childcare responsibilities , such as maternity leave for 9 months or longer if they have | |more than one child.This can then lead onto that if you have a poor income, or reliant on benefits, then you are not able to afford| |the basics such as gas, electricity, appropriate living conditions and healthy nutritious food. This then creates health problems | |and inequalities because of poor diet and living conditions, from which they are unable to escape from. All of this can lead to | |addiction because of the situation they find themselves in. They can turn to smoking, drinking and drugs as a way to relieve | |anxiety, stress, boredom and depression. | | |Poverty can severely affect the young people I work with and have a negative impact on their behaviour, experiences and life | |chances. Many of the young people come from deprived areas, where their homes are inadequate or their parents are on a low income or| |are unemployed. This has an effect on the young people’s health, and they often have poor diets and lack healthy nutrition.Due to | |the lack of finances, the parents are not able to provide their children with a variety of social activities. This does not help | |develop the child’s socialisation skills and can often leave them feeling angry and left out from their friends. This anger can | |often show itself within education and lead to being excluded from school, which in turn can have a negative effect on their job | |opportunities. This lack of finance and social interaction for the young person can lead them to commit crimes.The individual can | |often suffer low self-esteem which may lead to regular drug abuse, which again can have a knock-on effect towards crime. Within the | |residential setting, I work with a young person who often gets jealous and angry when he hears of outings his peers have been on | |while he is on home contact. This is because when he goes home, his parents have little or no money to take him out so he often | |spends his time on t he street being bored, rather than going to places like the cinema or to a leisure centre .This young person has| |committed crimes of vandalism through boredom and theft from shops because he cannot buy the goods he wishes. | | | |To conclude, it can be shown that there is a link between poverty and inequality, this has been demonstrated through various | |theories and supporting statistics. | | | | | REFERENCES | |What causes poverty by John H Mckendrick | |Miller, Janet (Care in Practice for Higher Still) 1996 | |Oxford English Dictionary | |Townsend, P(Poverty in the United Kingdom) 1979 | |www. bc. com/news | |www. savethechildren. com | |Word Count |1053 |

Rain Boots Essays

Rain Boots Essays Rain Boots Essay Rain Boots Essay Essay Topic: The Winters Tale Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then precipitated- that is, become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystem, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. Interesting information Rain is also known or suspected on other planets, where it may be composed of methane, neon, sulfuric acid or even iron rather than water. Raining animals is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless animals rain from the sky. Such occurrences have been reported in many countries throughout history. One hypothesis offered to explain this phenomenon is that strong winds traveling over water sometimes pick up creatures such as fish or frogs, and carry them for up to several miles. The English language idiom it is raining cats and dogs, referring to a heavy downpour, is of uncertain etymology, and there is no evidence that it has any connection to the raining animals phenomenon. Note that this is a regular occurrence for birds, which can get killed in flight, or stunned, and then fall (unlike flightless creatures, which first have to be lifted into the air by an outside force). Sometimes this happens in large groups, for instance, the blackbirds falling from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas, United States on December 31, 2010. [ Red rain in Kerala From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Rain water sample (left) and after the particles settled (right). Dried sediment (center). Red rain collected in stainless steel vessels The Kerala red rain phenomenon was a blood rain (red rain) event that occurred from July 25 to September 23, 2001, when red-coloured rain sporadically fell on the southern Indian state of Kerala. Heavy downpours occurred in which the rain was colored red, staining clothes pink. [1] Yellow, green, and black rain was also reported. [2][3][4] Colored rain had been reported in Kerala as early as 1896 and several times since then,[5] most recently in June 2012. 6][7] It was initially thought that the rains were colored by fallout from a hypothetical meteor burst, but a study commissioned by the Government of India concluded that the rains had been colored by airborne spores from locally prolific terrestrial algae. [5] It was not until early 2006 that the colored rains of Kerala gained widespread attention when the popular media reported that Godfrey Louis and Santhosh Kumar of the Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam proposed a controversial argument that the colored particles were extraterrestrial cells. 3][8][9] Red rains were also reported on November 15, 2012 in eastern and north-central provinces of Sri Lanka, where scientists from the Sri Lanka Medical Research Institute (MRI) are investigating to ascertain their cause. [10][11] Impact Effect on agriculture Rainfall estimates for southern Japan and the surrounding region from July 20–27, 2009. Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion,[110] while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. [111] Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain cacti require small amounts of water,[112] while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive. In culture Cultural attitudes towards rain differ across the world. In temperate climates, people tend to be more stressed when the weather is unstable or cloudy, with its impact greater on men than women. [117] Rain can also bring joy, as some consider it to be soothing or enjoy the aesthetic appeal of it. In dry places, such as India,[118] or during periods of drought,[119] rain lifts peoples moods. In Botswana, the Setswana word for rain, pula, is used as the name of the national currency, in recognition of the economic importance of rain in this desert country. 120] Several cultures have developed means of dealing with rain and have developed numerous protection devices such as umbrellas and raincoats, and diversion devices such as gutters and storm drains that lead rains to sewers. [121] Many people find the scent during and immediately after rain pleasant or distinctive. The source of this scent is petrichor, an oil produced by plants, then absorbed by rocks and soil, and later released into the air during rainfall. [122] 1. Cherrapunji, India:    498 Inches more rainy place in the world What to wear on rainy day? With the June gloom we’ve been experiencing across the US recently, I’ve received tons of emails from you guys wanting outfit ideas for rainy days. It can definitely be tough to dress for a rainy day because there are so many things to consider. From what type of material you can wear (suede shoes are a no-go) to how to stay dry without sacrificing style, dressing well when it’s rainy out requires a little planning in advance. Don’t worry, though! It’s easier than most people think to dress for a rainy day. Here are some rainy day fashion tips, as well as six outfit ideas for rainy days. Rainy Day Fashion Tips Add color! Don’t be scared to wear something bright and fun on a rainy day. Bad weather can be depressing, so why not go out of your way to wear something non-depressing and cute? A cute umbrella can be an accessory. There are so many adorable and cheap umbrellas available at stores like Target, so there’s really no excuse to stick to basic black. Buy a couple in your favorite colors if you live in a really rainy area and use them to add color to your look. Kids umbrellas are cheap, cute, and perfect for one person. I mentioned this in my article 25 Fashion ; Style Tips to Brighten Your Day as well, and though I’d repeat the tip here. Why not save a little cash, have some fun, and buy a really ridiculous kids umbrella? Don’t spend a lot on an umbrella. If you’re anything like me, you’ve lost more umbrellas than you care to remember. That’s why you should never spend much on them. Even if you aren’t prone to misplacing them, umbrellas still aren’t investment pieces – you don’t use them every day! So buy a cute one from Target and pleeeease skip the $250 Burberry version. A classic trench coat is always perfect for rainy weather. There aren’t many inexpensive and cute trenches in stores right now as it’s summer, so I didn’t include many in the outfits below. But that doesn’t mean I don’t love them! The trench coat is SUCH a classic ; essential piece that’s perfect for all occasions and especially rainy days. Be careful of the materials you wear in rain. I’m sure you probably know this already, but just in case†¦ Suede is off-limits in rain because water usually ruins it, and leather that hasn’t been treated with a protectant can easily be damaged by water as well. Don’t risk ruining your clothes – go with rubber, pleather, or protectant-treated leather shoes in rain and leave your favorite suede handbag at home. At the same time, don’t worry too much about a 100% waterproof jacket. If you plan ahead and have your umbrella on hand, your jacket won’t get wet enough for waterproofing to matter. Go crazy when it comes to rain boots. There are so many cute rain boots out there today to fit any sense of style – they literally come in every color under the sun. Have fun and find a pair you love! Much like umbrellas, you can go completely nuts with your rain boots and no one will mind. 6 Rainy Day Outfit Ideas Outfit #1 When it rains in the summer, you can get away with rain boots paired with shorts, a tee, and cardigan. By forgoing jeans in favor of shorts, you avoid having soaked pants all day. In the outfit below, I added some color with a bright scarf. Product Information: Cardigan – Forever 21, Tie-Dye Scarf – Aeropostale, Tee Shirt – American Eagle, Denim Cutoffs – Pacsun. com, Umbrella – Target, Rain Boots – Gabrielle Rocha, available at Zappos. com Outfit #2 The inspiration for this look came about when I found the adorable umbrella with an NYC subway sign print and had to find a way to include it in an outfit! A plain black dress becomes more interesting layered under a mustard acket (worn unzipped, of course), and pair of ultra trendy green Doc Martens. Product Information: NYC Subway Sign Umbrella – Target, Dress and Jacket – Forever 21, Green Patent Doc Martens – Zappos. com Outfit #3 This outfit would be perfect for a day when it’s REALLY raining. The jacket is a â€Å"Pac-a-Poncho† from TopShop, so it’s super waterproof. But unlike the typical ugly yellow poncho, this one actually has style. When paired with neutral grey rain boots and a bubble umbrella with a hint of pink, the overall look is functional and cute at the same time. Product Information: Rain Boots – Target, Pac-a-Poncho – TopShop, Skinny Jeans – Charlotte Russe, Clear Bubble Umbrella – Target Outfit #4 For those of you who love a classic trench coat, you can keep your rainy day outfit simple by pairing your trench with jeans, and bright rain boots of your choice. Honestly, that’s all you need. The heart shaped umbrella, of course, is a cute extra. Product Information: Trench Coat – Miss Selfridge, Skinny Jeans – American Eagle, Heart Shaped Umbrella – Umbrellaheaven. com, Polka Dot Rain Boots – Target Outfit #5 If you’re not the type to rock a typical rain boot, you can always wear regular boots with a bit of a heel. Layering a pretty, summery dress under a long-sleeved cardigan and 3/4 sleeve jacket will add dimension to your outfit as well as keep you dry. Add black tights and a simple umbrella and you’re set! Product Information: Umbrella – TopShop, Jacket – Newlook. co. uk, Cardigan – TopShop, Boots – Nine West, available at Zappos. com, Dress – Pacsun. com, Footless Tights – TopShop Outfit #6 Here’s a very simple outfit that you could throw on in 5 seconds and wear on a rainy summer day. A striped dress is a step above basic layered under a classic denim jacket. I added some cute pink rain boots, because, well, why not? If pink’s not your thing, you could always wear some basic black motorcycle boots instead. Oh, and how great is the cloud umbrella? Completely genius if you ask me. Do’s ; Don’ts In Monsoon Fashion * Do not wear too much makeup this monsoon, use waterproof ones but in minimal quantity. * Do not use too much synthetic fabric. * Try to stick to some pure blends. * Try not to use those metals which can react to moisture in air. Keep yourself fashioned this monsoon. How big are raindrops? Raindrops are much smaller than we think! They are actually smaller than a centimeter. Raindrops range from 1/100 inch (. 0254 centimeter) to 1/4 inch (. 635 centimeter) in diameter. The largest rain drops ever recorded measure a minimum of 8. 6 mm (0. 338 inches) across and have been detected in Brazil, september 1995 and Marshal Islands, july 1999. The rain drops were measured and imaged while falling by a laser instrument and the results were published in Geophysical Research Letters in 2004. 0 interesting facts about rain 1. In Portugal, the rain is a good reason not to go to work. 2. Rain was the cause of the weather forecasts on the radio. When the American owner of the station was caught in the rain, he established a new category of the weather forecasting, which talked about the rain several times a day. 3. The game of darts appeared because of rain. Once the archers in the competition was caught in the rain. Going to a bar, they started throwing shortened arrows at a target on the wall. 4. In fact, rain has no smell. Flavor of what we refer to the smell of rain, in fact, isolated actin and cyanobacteria. The substance, which gives the smell of rain is called geosmin. 5. People of Uganda are not scared of thunder, since it rains with a thunderstorm about 250 times a year 6. The citizens of Para synchronize the clocks by rain, as the rains come every day at the same time. 7. In arid Botswana people use instead of greeting the word â€Å"poola†, which means â€Å"rain†, as the national currency in the country is also called â€Å"rain†. 8. In Cuba, it rains only during a siesta, and in Thailand – only at night. . In the XVII century in the United Kingdom was passed the law about rain, according to which forecaster can be executed because of incorrect prediction of rain. 10. A person can remain completely dry in the rain, if it rains in the desert. In fact, there are rains in the desert, but it is impossible to know whether it rains or not, because the drops evaporate unde r the impact of hot air. 11. All phrases of Hydrometeorological Center about the rain have a specific meaning. For example, the phrase â€Å"short rain† is meant that the duration of rain will be no more than 3 hours. The phrase â€Å"rain is expected† means the duration of the rain for at least half a day. The phrase â€Å"without significant rainfall† does not mean that rain will not, it means that rain will fall no more than 0. 3 liters per square meter. 12. The rainiest city in the world is Cherrapunji (India). During the year 26 460 mm of rain falls there. 13. The acidity of normal rain is pH 5. 6. If the pH level is lower the rain is called  «acid rain  ». At pH 5. 5 the rain kills the bacteria, but at pH 4. 5 kills insects, amphibians and fish. 14. In the town Winesburg, Ohio, each year on July 29 will certainly rain, it lasts for a hundred years. 5. Today it is possible to make up the artificial rain. Particles of dry ice thrown from the plane directly to the cumulus cloud. In a cloud, carbon dioxide is enveloped with water, and falls as a snowflake, heating on the road and turning into rain. Thus, we can combat with drought or to disperse the clouds. 16. Every year, on t he ground is poured 519,000 km3 of rain (every km3 – a billion tons of water). 17. About one in a hundred million people suffer from allergy to the rain. Any effect of water on the skin can cause redness, swelling, caught in the rain, such people can die. 8. In San Francisco weather station reports about rain with a degree of probability, for example, 4/6. Simply 10 local meteorologists vote on whether it will rain or not, and the result announce in â€Å"relative† form. 19. The heaviest hailstones rained from the sky in Gopalganj 14/04/1986. Weight of one hailstone exceeded 1 kg, from this â€Å"a rain,† 92 people died. 20. The rainiest places on the planet are caught short of water during the winter. After the rainy season, there comes a dry winters so that residents have to buy water in other cities.

3 Ways to Make Sentences More Concise

3 Ways to Make Sentences More Concise 3 Ways to Make Sentences More Concise 3 Ways to Make Sentences More Concise By Mark Nichol Sentences need not be pared down to essentials- the challenge is to make them as coherent as possible, not as concise as possible- but careful writers will craft and revise their writing in part by minimizing the number of words necessary to convey their thoughts. Three simple strategies are demonstrated in discussions of and revisions to the following examples of sentences that can and should be improved. 1. The board needs to be assured that management has not allowed overconfidence to be bred by past successes. Make the sentence active. Two of the three nouns in this sentence are active rather than passive, but successes can be an actor, too: â€Å"The board needs to be assured that management has not allowed past successes to breed overconfidence.† 2. The hot spots described below are areas in which providers are commonly at risk for losing revenue. They include patient access, utilization review, charge capture, and billing and payment accuracy. Fold one sentence into another. When a subsequent sentence provides details pertaining to a previous sentence, that sentence, if brief and simple enough, can often be embedded seamlessly in the first sentence as a parenthetical: â€Å"The hot spots described below- patient access, utilization review, charge capture, and billing and payment accuracy- are areas in which providers are commonly at risk for losing revenue.† 3. Scalability also considers the robustness of the processes and controls, and whether they are automated or not. Omit nonessential words. In this context, â€Å"or not† is extraneous; whether, in and of itself, suggests a binary choice: â€Å"Scalability also considers the robustness of the processes and controls and whether they are automated.† (â€Å"Or not† is sometimes a necessary companion of whether: The test is that if regardless can replace whether, the entire phrase is required.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowDawned vs. DonnedOppose and Opposed To

Tourism Leakages Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Leakages - Dissertation Example Bhattacharya (131) indicates that goods, which are provided internationally, leave the local community with a very small portion of the earnings. This problem affects mostly the developing countries. These leakages thus diminish the positive influences of tourism to a country (Bhattacharya 131). Countries that are developed benefit more than developing countries in tourism. This is because such countries lack industries to process goods that tourists need. UNEP indicates that a government ensures that the positive effects of tourism are maximized by reducing the tourism leakages. For this to happen, Governments, especially in the developing countries, should promote the ownership of tourism resources by the local communities. In most cases, the governments have favored the owners of the tourism resources by the private sectors or the foreigners. Consequently, a recognizable percentage of the tourism resources belong to the foreign investors. Therefore, the local communities benefit l ess from the tourism revenues due to the leakages of tourism profits. The ownership of large portions of tourism businesses in developing countries belongs to the foreigners (UNEP). This has resulted in a tourism agenda distorted in favor of external benefits. The result of the high leakage through repatriation of profits, employment for the foreign emigrant, importation of goods and services from foreign countries and the use of airlines that foreign countries own. The leakage in developed countries is not very high (Jones 65). The government should come up with strategies to promote the ownership of the tourism resources by the local community. The application models for agricultural development can be integrated into tourism development to enhance the local community ownership of the tourism resources. An example of the agricultural development model is the one, which, farmers engage in agricultural businesses by forming associations to manage important functions like marketing. Exploitation of land by foreigners should be discouraged because it is the local communities, which will suffer environmental degradation after the foreigners have left. There should be the emphasis on the strong connection between the local communities and the tourism industries to reduce leakages and to increase the benefits from tourism. Moreover, the increase of leakages is due to the high expenditure by the government to meet the high tourists’ demands. The governments use a lot of money to import goods to meet tourists’ demands. Apparently, the escalation of tourism expenses due to importations result in the reduction of profits leading to economic constraints. To reduce high importation, there should be the emphasis on the use of the locally produced goods to enhance increased output effects of tourism (UNEP). Tourism Policies Kenkel (2) indicates that tourism is a very important business internationally. It is one of the central sources of revenues particularly , in those countries that are still developing. However, the high demands of tourism have had undesirable effects on the local people and the environment. The growth of tourism has shown some serious adverse impacts.

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring - Assignment Example â€Å"J. Watson's caring theory addresses caring relationships among humans and the deep experiences of life itself. Caring is a universal phenomenon, which is likely to be perceived differently by patients and nurses if they come from different cultural backgrounds† (Suliman et al., 2009, p.293). It should be noted that in many of the hospitals in America and in European countries, foreigners are working in the nursing profession. This is because of the manpower shortages in these countries. Thus, it is quite possible that in America like countries both the patients and the nurses could be from different cultures. Even though caring has only one meaning in all the cultures, it can be perceived differently by people from different cultures. In other words, the needs of an American patient and that of an Indian patient suffering from same disease could be different. In America, patients expect lot more from the nurses. It is the duty of the nurses to rise to the occasion and li ve up to the expectations of each patient. Watson’s caring theory provides insights about the concepts of caring. â€Å"According to Watson, this theory is an attempt to find and deepen the language specific to nurse caring relations and its many meanings† (Rosenberg, 2006, p.53) The origin of this theory can be found in human science and metaphysics. It should be noted that human science is the base upon which all the healthcare theories were developed. â€Å"Watson described nursing as a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions† (McCance et al., 1999, p.1390). In short, Watson was successful in defining nursing profession in a scientific way. Until the evolution of this theory, nurses were unaware of the needs of the patients and they cared the patients based on their instincts and wisdom. This theory is helpful for the nurses to know th e needs of the patients more and formulating suitable caring strategies for them. This paper analyses the concepts of Watson's theory in terms of actual nurse/patient interaction. Concepts of Watson’s theory The major concepts of Watson’s caring theory can be summarised as follows; Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth. Caring responses accept person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become. A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for himself or herself at a given point in time. Caring is more â€Å" healthogenic† than is curing. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing. The practice of caring is central to nursing (Jean Watson's Philosophy of Nursing, 2012) Watson believed that â€Å"Caring† is an endorsement of professional nurses identity and Medicine’s identity is that of â€Å"caring†. In Florence Nightingale’s words, â€Å"It is the surgeon who saves a person’s life †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.it is the nurse who helps this person live† (Overview of Jean Watson’s Theory, n.d., p.1). Caring is as important as surgery or other medical procedures. It is a fact that the doctors are responsible for complex medical procedures and prescription of medicines. At the same

Database & Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database & Privacy - Research Paper Example es (Custers, 2013).  Indeed, the tension between database technology and privacy will play out with the growing number powerful database applications across the globe. Database privacy leaks usually occur through SQL injections and the victims of such leaks usually feel demoralized because it can risk their life, property, and fortune. Statistical disclosure control has had an enviable reputation because of the protection of the personal details of members of a particular population. Based on Mathematical Optimization, many techniques can be used to solve privacy issues. Frequency tables produce solutions that are biased while algorithms are expensive. Even with the advent of powerful database technology such as modern cryptography, the tension between such technology and privacy concerns will not fade out. Nonetheless, Enhanced Controlled Tabular Adjustment is a modern technique used to overcome most of the privacy challenges (PSD & Domingo-Ferrer, 2014).   Databases play important roles in the society and the more advanced they are, the better they serve the people. Most people recognize the impending risk to their privacy and a 1996 poll proved that 24% of Americans have at one time or the other experienced privacy invasion. In addition, 80% of Americans did not trust how companies used and circulated their personal data during the previous year. Some of the most important roles of databases include ensuring that the fair allocation and distribution of resources (Garfinkel, 2000). In this regard, database privacy leaks reduced the participation of people in keeping better information in such databases, especially hospital and government database privacy breaches. It is however, worth noting that some of the database leaks are beyond control and they should not spark much tension except in circumstances where sheer negligence has led to such breaches (PSD & Domingo-Ferrer, 2014).   Privacy and discrimination have become major issues in the information society.

Technology Developments for Villages in Developing Countries

Technology Developments for Villages in Developing Countries There is an urgent need to examine the catalytic and enabling role to be played by the government in ensuring that IT provides new opportunities for the 40 per cent of the people who are living below the poverty line, so that they may move above it. Government of India Working Group on Information Technology for Masses Write an essay, that highlights examples that support the second opinion i) Describe 6 different case studies that show how the technology is being used in villages in developing countries (South-East Asia, Africa, Latin America) ii) Assess each case, commenting whether you believe it is beneficial to the community or not and whether those same case studies can be used by supporters of the first opinion above. Case Studies: Balaghat, India As described by Sumeet Chatterjee (2001) the IT initiatives in this village constitute a great example of the wide variety of applications for IT in developing countries. The district is rural and the core industries are farming and mineral extraction with the majority of the people being poor. A major problem in the area is corruption of government officials. People need papers to prove land ownership and other official documents and prior to the IT project’s arrival it typically took weeks to obtain and required expensive payments to officials. Now a villager can go to the local â€Å"Soochnalaya† (information centre) and have the information in minutes and for a fraction of the cost. Other information of interest to the villagers such as crop data, rainfall patterns and other documentation are available. The centralized internet point is a key aspect in bringing IT to the masses. Without government funding to buy a computer and set up the infrastructure there would be no Soochnalayas. IT in this case is a major benefit to the people of the region as it brings information at a low cost which is exactly what these people need to help them in the struggle to develop. Padinettankudi, India In an online article about this rural village in India Mukti Jain Campion (2002) relates an anecdote about how IT is being used to treat health problems in areas without access to medical technology. In this town an entrepreneur-run public internet center was set up with the help of a large Indian IT government and private venture with the aim of bringing IT to the masses. For few rupees email, information and government forms to the rural poor. In the case described the internet also serves an important medical service to the people of the area. Only 40km away lies the Aravind Eye Hospital, a hospital dedicated to treating eye problems and where money is not an issue. The problem is having access to patients as majority of people are unable to get to the hospital without considerable difficulty. So at the internet centre a webcam is used to take photos of the symptoms and online chat can be used to talk with the patient. Sound medical advice can then be given for the cost of a few rupees. This is a fantastic application of IT in development and the available benefits are enormous. Capetown, South Africa When describing IT initiatives often only computers and internet access are mentioned but IT involves so much more. In South Africa HIV is a major issue with over15% of the population being infected by this terminal disease (Nick Miles. 2005). The SA government has begun to allot drugs to the people who need them but keeping track of the patients and having doctors to check on them all is expensive in terms of both time and money. This is where IT enters the scene. Using mobile phones a non-medical aid worker can interview dozens of people and record the information in the phone. The survey results are then sent by text message to a center where the data is entered into computer software. The software can identify people who need attention and a doctor can pull up the record of any patient and see up to date information. The benefits are obvious. Cuba, Brazil and Open-Source The cost of software is often a major percentage of the price of a computer. A copy of Windows XP costs significantly more than the average person in the developing world makes in a day. Despite Microsoft’s initiative to sell Windows at reduced costs to developing nations, free is preferred to paying a fee and nations like Cuba and Brazil are exploring free OS choices. In a 2004 article Mark Ashurst describes how Brazil is attempting to move from Windows to open-source Linux. There is political resentment against Microsoft but there is also the attraction of free software and no licensing fees that attract people form Windows to Linux. Also susceptibility to viruses and the cost of a network going down also drive people to Linux. Ashurst describes the state of the switch to â€Å"Linux in terms that almost 1/3 of computers will soon have Linux installed†. Cuba is following suit and recently announced a government initiative to switch all computers to Linux (Computer Business Review, 2005). Whether this IT initiative with greatly benefit the people of these countries remains to be seen. Linux may be cheaper but it requires more training and long term benefits are hard to predict though with reduced costs possible more computers could be distributed. Samoa The Samoan government recently announced a nationwide initiative to bring internet to every person in the country (Prosser, 2004). The government has taken this step to help isolated Samoa increase communication with developed nations in hopes of boosting GDP and therefore standards of living. In the nation of 180,000 only 2% of people use the internet and trade with other nations is difficult to facilitate as New Zealand is the closest developed nation at a 4hr flight away. The Samoan government has received help from the United Nations Development Programme and is using the money to expand the IT infrastructure. Computers are being placed in schools to help children develop IT skills and also in community centers to allow people access to information and even medical help. This case is similar to the Indian cases where a single internet centre in a village can make a large difference in the lives of people. Taita Taveta, Kenya In Africa there exists the Association for Progressive Communications prize which rewards innovative IT projects in Africa. Last year’s winner was the Global Education Partnership – Wundanyib which is a non-profit computer training programme in one of the poorest regions of Kenya (Association for Progressive Computing, 2005). The project aims to develop business skills in people aged 15-24, training them using IT for setting up their own business. In 9 years nearly 1000 people have graduated and 200 of these were awarded capital to start a business. In Taita Taveta the unemployment rate is 66% so job prospects are hard to come by. By focusing on youth and entrepreneurs the region benefits greatly if any business are started. The youth are given hope and a reason to stay and develop their region. Conclusion Each case examined here shows the advantages of IT in plans for development. The cases show ways to improve lives through IT in a variety of avenues, paving the way for regional and national development. The Government of India Working Group on Information Technology for Masses’ statement is correct and bringing IT to poor areas is an important catalyst for development. Bibliography Ashurst, Mark. 2004. Brazil falls in love with Linux. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3445805.stm>. Association for Progressive Computing, 2005. Winner of the 2004/5 APC Africa Hafkin Communications Prize. Available from http://www.apc.org./english/hafkin/2004/winner.shtml>. Copyleft Association for Progressive Communications APC 1999 – 2005. Campion, Mukti Jain. 2002. Connecting the villages. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2044878.stm>.  © British Broadcasting Corporation. Chatterjee, Sumeet. 2001. Indian village takes to IT to tackle corruption. Available from http://www.apnic.net/mailing-lists/s-asia-it/archive/2001/09/msg00019.html>.  © Indo-Asian News Service Computer Business Review. 2005. Cuba joins the Linux revolution. Available from http://www.cbronline.com/article_news.asp?guid=9B077C17-C2F9-4472-8B28-25F0B19E2F8A.>.  © Computer Business Review. Miles, Nick. 2005. Texting to help SA HIV patients. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4437447.stm>.  © British Broadcasting Corporation. Prosser, David. 2004. Samoa plans internet for all. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3590354.stm>. >.  © British Broadcasting Corporation.

Is Bridget jones nothing more than Pride and Prejudice in modern dress?

Love and marriage is the theme of the best selling book Bridget Jones’ Diary by Helen Fielding and the critically acclaimed novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. There are numerous similarities between the two yet they are set in different eras. Despite this, the young women in both texts have to deal with family and people in their social circles pressurising them to meet the ideal man or love interest. Each story revolves around the main female characters, Bridget Jones and Elizabeth Bennet. In pride prejudice, the financial status of the women was more of an issue when it came to finding an ideal partner, than it was in Bridget Jones’ Diary. The Bennets were not very financially secure, so Mrs Bennet would arrange or attend parties with her girls that had lots of rich men simultaneously attending, hoping one of them would fall in love and find a husband. Alike to this, Bridget’s mother would also take her to parties or gatherings where suitable, single men would be lurking, although Bridget’s mother did not impose rich men on her as much as Mrs Bennet did on her girls. Bridget’s mum was more concerned about the thought of her daughter’s biological clock ticking away, and finding her a respectable man before it was too late. â€Å" You career girls, can’t put it off forever you know, tick tock.† This shows that pride and prejudice is nothing more than Bridget Jones’ Diary in modern dress as the issues with not being able to find a suitable husband, and having the family intervene in the search are still very apparent. Both Elizabeth and Bridget feel obliged to find a man as most of their peers surrounding them are settling down and getting married. This is an expectation put on them by society, as only once part of a couple, women are thought of as complete or entirely happy. In Bridget's Jones’ Diary, Bridget's inability to find a man or settle down, often pops up as a common conversation subject with friends or family. â€Å"Hi Bridget, how’s your love life?† And â€Å"so, Bridget, why is it you career girls can’t hold down a decent man?† Bridget often puts off answering the question, with a quick, witty reply. â€Å"Well I suppose it doesn’t help that beneath our clothes we’re covered in scales!† In pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth’s younger sister Lydia runs away with her love interest Mr Wickham. The couple were frowned upon, as the idea of pre-marital sex brought sh... ...Mark Darcy and Mr Darcy are too proud to approach the women and fear rejection. The men also feel slightly pressured to conform to the traditional male roles by looking after the women they love. Examples of this are when Mr Darcy pays off Wickham for the Bennets, and when Mark lets Bridget have an exclusive interview to save her getting the sack from her job. Love and marriage and the status of women in society has not changed dramatically from a male perspective as women are still expected to dress appropriately and have correct language in order to impress the opposite sex. However, in comparison to a 20th century text, the women nowadays and in Bridget Jones’ Diary have a higher opinion of themselves and feel they still have to work as well as have a love interest, mainly for the self satisfaction, and sense of achievement. In conclusion, Bridget Jones’ Diary is nothing more than Pride and Prejudice in modern dress as the women are still looking for the traditional love, to be swept off of their feet by a man, be looked after and live happily ever after regardless of whether having a colossal amount of money as both Elizabeth and Bridget proved.

A Breakthrough in Science and Technology Essay

The computer is an amazing machine. Nowadays , we are living in the computer age and most of our day to day activities can not be accomplished without using computers. The computer has become an indispensable and multipurpose tool. We are breathing in the computer age and gradually the computer has become such a desire necessity of life. It is difficult to imagine life without computer. The computer is a latest breakthrough in science and technology because of the history of its development and the advantages of the computer as well as the prospect of it in the future. The history of computer‘s development includes four generations. The first generation computers were invented in the 1940s and 1950s. ENIAC was the world first successful electronic computer. It was invented by two scientists namely J. P. Eckert and J. W. Mauchy. It was very huge and big. Its weight was 30 tones. It could store only limited or small amount of data. The second generation computers were invented from 1955 to 1960. The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953 and the most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. Its transistors were used as the electronic component instead of vacuum tubes. The size of computer was decreased and it became much smaller than that of earlier computer. Next, the third generation computers were invented in the 1960s. They were invented in 1964. IC was used as the electronic component of computers. Those computers were developed by T. S. Kilby . They had huge storage capacity and higher calculating speed. Then, the fourth generation computers were invented from 1971 to now. This is the generation we are working today. Smaller computers have become available. The computer has many advantages . It has become an important household item . It has become an indispensable device for us in the office , home or school . The computer helps people do many things quicker and faster than they did before. A very clear evidence is that documents can be composed without papers The computer allows the user to create documents , edit , print and store them so that they can be restricted later . Using the computer , one can remain connect to the world through the internet . The internet allows people from around the world to communicate with other people through chatting, email, etc. People can also share knowledge, ideas and experiences in any field. Moreover , the computer is a wonderful device for people to entertain and relax such as listening to music , watching films , reading newspapers , playing games and so on . Nowadays , the computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In fact, the computers have become a learning tool for students . Nowadays, there are many universities that provide online degrees, which are advantages for those people staying in remote areas and for disabled. One can take the benefit of such online degree programs staying at home without the need of relocation. The computers are also used for training purposes. Many companies use them to train their staff. The prospect of the computer is that the computer will be used to create more sophisticated computers. May be, everything would be a computer. The computers will be so complex. They will bring a lot of benefits. They will be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Furthermore, the computer not people could colonize the other planets and explore the galaxy. All in all, the computer is a wonderful device. Because of the history of its development, the advantages of the computer and the prospect of it, the computer has made a big breakthrough in science and technology. In fact, we live in a technological era, the computers have penetrated everywhere with all benefits they provide. We are satisfied with them and sometimes we even thank them because they help us in communicating, studying, doing business, entertaining and saving lives in critical situations.

Spring Syllabus

[pic] [pic] Florida A&M University Department of Chemistry CHM 1045 Lab Syllabus COURSE SYLLABUS | |Course Number: CHM 1045L |Course Title: General Chemistry I Laboratory | |Prerequisite(s): | | |Co-requisite: CHM 1045 Lecture | | |Course Credit: 1 |Course Hours: 3 per week | |College: Science and Technology |Required Text(s): The laboratory manual, Experiments In General Chemistry, 6th | | |Edition by Peter Cottrell, Jesse Edwards, & Richard A. Ford, Jr. | |Department: Chemistry | | |Faculty Name: Arian White-Baker |Term and Year: Spring 2013 | | |Place and Time: 401/413 Jones Hall | |Office Location: |Telephone: ( 850 )599-8424 | |219-A Jones Hall |e-mail: arian1. [email  protected] edu or arian1. [email  protected] com | |Office Hours |Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday |Thursday |Friday |Saturday | | |4:00-5:00 pm | 9:00-11:00 am | |12:00-2:00pm | | Curriculum Status: Required for Chemistry, Biology, Pre-Pharmacy and Pre-Engineering majors. INTRODUCTION General Chemistry I L aboratory (CHM 1045L) is the first course of a sequence of two laboratory courses primarily for students who are in science or science-related majors. In this laboratory course, students will have an opportunity to observe some of the phenomena of matter and obtain practical skills in using various items of laboratory equipment. Upon completion of this course students should have a deeper and more concrete understanding of the experimental science of chemistry.There are 10 different laboratory exercises scheduled to be done during the weeks specified in the SCHEDULE section of this outline. Because of the large number of laboratory sections and the full use of time available during the semester, there will be no opportunity to make individual laboratory exercises. Only in cases of emergency, you must notify your instructor before the class session. In such case, the laboratory experiment should be made up during the week that it was assigned. In order to make up the experiment, thes e procedures should be followed: *Notify your instructor and get a note from them stating their approval and awareness of your absence. *Obtain an official excuse from your dean. Bring the excuse and the note to laboratory coordinators office in JONES HALL room 405. *At this time, you will receive a form with the time that you can make your experiment up. Appointments for office visits other than during scheduled office hours may be made on an individual basis for the mutual convenience of the students and instructor. LABORATORY OBJECTIVES There are several objectives of the laboratory course. Among these are to: a. Train students to observe and follow the standard safety practices while doing experiments. b. Provide a means for students to examine, analyze, and verify chemical principles by carrying out simple exercises in the laboratory. c.Provide an opportunity for students to practice making careful observations and measurements, and to perform critical analyses of the observati ons made and data obtained. d. Train students to carry out laboratory exercises using standard techniques, while keeping a record of the observations made and data obtained. Academic Learning Compact As a result of your experience at FAMU chemistry students should be able to communicate chemical concepts in oral and written laboratory reports. Your reports should discern what you think happened from what indeed did occur based on sound chemical reasoning. You are to interpret laboratory data, measurements, procedures and results. Eventually, you should solve chemical problems and design and evaluate experiments.After taking this class you will be able to recognize potentially hazardous substances and reactions. You should be able to make effective use of information resources and use a computer to gain information about chemical compounds and reactions. LABORATORY MATERIALS The following materials will be required for the laboratory: a. Laboratory safety glasses b. The laboratory ma nual, Experiments In General Chemistry, 6th Edition by Peter Cottrell, Jesse Edwards, & Richard A. Ford, Jr. , which is available at the University Bookstore. c. Laboratory coat d. Expt In General Chemistry Lab Safety & Techniques DVD Safety Students must always wear eye protection and laboratory coats when they are doing the laboratory exercises.There are no exceptions to this requirement. Students not having eye protection and laboratory coat cannot remain in the laboratory. a. Wear approved eye protection at all times. b. Never eat, drink or smoke in a chemical laboratory c. If any glassware is broken, it should be cleaned up by the student. d. Never perform an unauthorized experiment. e. Never work in a chemical laboratory without proper supervision f. Never pipette by mouth or inhale gases or vapors g. Exercise proper care in heating or mixing chemicals h. Be careful with glass equipment PROCEUDURE Each laboratory experiment must be read and carefully studied before coming to t he laboratory.This must be done to ensure that each student is thoroughly familiar with the principles, procedures, calculations, and anything else with the exercises may be involved. Unless otherwise directed to do so, students should work alone in doing in the laboratory exercises. Take extreme care when using the analytical balances, thermometers, and other items of equipment that are expensive and/or may be easily broken. When the laboratory exercise is completed, all equipment should be cleaned and put in its proper place or in the locker in an orderly way. The bench top and common work areas should also be cleaned. LABORATORY REPORTS The pre-laboratory assignments of each laboratory experiment must be turned in to the instructor before the beginning of the laboratory.Laboratory Reports are to be completed and turned in as directed by the instructor. The laboratory report will usually consist of the Pre-Lab, Post-Lab, Lab Write-up, Data Sheet from the laboratory experiment and calculations sheet. Laboratory Report Organization: All sections should be typed except calculations, pre/post lab and your data/report sheet †¢ Title Page: Your name, Group members names, Date, Lab section Title of the Experiment †¢ Introduction- 5-6 sentences at most †¢ Materials and Procedure- Past Tense, Bullet format †¢ Pre-Lab, Report Sheet and Post Lab –please complete all calculations and questions in the spaces provided. If the space is too small, please complete on a separate sheet of paper. Calculation sheet – SHOW ALL WORK! †¢ Conclusion – Discuss what you learned and any possible sources of error that occurred in the experiment. Please use complete sentences. Students who do not actively participate in the laboratory experiment will be subject to point reduction. there are no make up labs, so do not miss a lab date. Late lab reports will not be graded. No exceptions will be granted and no excuses are acceptable. PUBLIC HOLID AYS AND LABS IF YOUR LAB FALLS ON ANY PUBLIC HOLIDAY (EXCEPT THANKSGIVING WEEK) OR UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION, PLEASE ENDEVOR TO ATTEND ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE LAB WITHIN THE SAME WEEK. THE MISSED LAB WILL NOT BE REPEATED THE FOLLOWING WEEK.PLEASE ENSURE THAT THE LAB INSTRUCTOR OF THE LAB YOU ATTENDED FOR MAKEUP SIGNS YOUR WORK AS EVIDENCE OF ATTENDANCE. THEN SUBMIT YOUR LAB REPORT TO YOUR LAB INSTRUCTOR AS USUAL. The total score for the course will be based on laboratory reports, write up, and exam. Each laboratory report will have equal value but not necessarily the same number of points. The laboratory reports will count between 80-90% of the total score. The final laboratory examination will count between 10-20% of the total score. Additionally, you may be given quizzes that will count toward your overall grad. The various parts of the lab exercises and reports will contribute towards the final grade as follows: Lab Reports Report Sheet and Data 50Pre-Lab 10 Post Lab 10 Write up 30 Total 100 There will be a total of Ten Labs and Two Exams worth 100 pts each. At the end of the semester, an overall fractional score will be calculated. It is anticipated that the grade will be based on the following scale for fractional scores: A- (90% or above)(990-1110) B-(80-90%)(880-989) C-(70-80%)(770-879) D-(60-70%)(660-769) F- (Below 60%)(659 & Below) Some general items to be considered in grading the reports will be the neatness and legibility of the report, the correct use of English, and the proper use of significant figures and units.Other items that may be considered, depending on the specific exercise, will be the closeness of a result obtained to what the result should be the correctness of any calculations, and the completeness of any observations that may be expected. A subjective evaluation will also be included of the student’s attitude toward the laboratory exercised and the correct use of the laboratory equipment. Academic Calendar: Fall 2013 January 7 Classes begin (Full-Time Studies) January 21 Martin Luther King (Holiday) March 11-15 Spring Break March 29 Last day to withdraw April 26 Last day to submit I change of grade Aptil 26 Last day of classes April 29-May 3, 2013 Final examinations Week CHM 1045 Labs Spring 2013Lab # Date Title Page # 1/7-12/12 Laboratory Orientation and Safety Video/ MSDS 1. 1//14-18/12 Basic Laboratory Technique 1 No Labs 1/21-25/12 Martin Luther King – No Class This Week 2. 1/28 – 2/1/12 Identification of Substances by physical properties 13 3. 2/4-8/12 Separation of the Components of a mixture 23 4. 2/11-15/12 Chemical reactions of copper and percent yield 31 5. /18-22/12 The stoichiometry of a reaction 39 2/25-3/1/12 Exam #1 6. 3/4 – 8/12 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 49 No Labs 3/11-15/12 Spring Break- No Class This week 7. 3/18-22/12 Qualitative-Analysis Scheme 61 8. 3/25-29/12 Colorimetric determination of iron 69 9. 4/1-5/12 Behavior of gases: Molar mass 93 10. 4/8-12/12 Where are electrons? : VSEPR 245 4/15-19/12 Exam 2 SAMPLE LAB WRITE UP: Cover Page EXPERIMENT 1BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES John Doe Group Members: Andrew Luck Reggie Wayne Dwight Freeney SAMPLE LAB WRITE UP INTRODUCTION Chemistry is an experimental science that relies heavily upon meticulous observations and precise measurements. When recording the measurements made, the accuracy of the devise used has to be reflected. Although the metric system used here in America is the most common, scientists prefer the use the International System of Units or SI system. The objective of this lab is to perfect the use of the laboratory balance, graduate cylinder, thermometer and pipets in order to learn how to obtain accurate measurements in experimental procedures.This lab will also allow familiarization with the SI units used in scientific work. APPARATUS/MATERIALS Balance150-mL Beaker 250-mL Beaker Bunsen Burner Hose clampFlask 125-mL 50-mL Erlenmeyer Grad. Cylinder Rubber BulbIron ringRing S tand 10-mL Pipet ThermometerWing TipIce Barometer PROCEDURE A. The Bunsen Burner †¢ The Bunsen burner was examined for valves and all gas/air outlets †¢ Both valves were closed and rubber tubing was attached from the gas outlet on the burner to the lab bench spout. †¢ A striker was used to light the gas below the top of the barrel while the gas valve on the burner was gradually opened to obtain a flame roughly 3-4 inches high. The air was adjusted to allow a pale blue flame to form on the inner cone. B. The GraduatedCylinder †¢ The 100-mL graduated cylinder was examined and the markings in milliliters was noted †¢ The cylinder was then filled approximately half full with water and the meniscus(curved surface) was observed. †¢ Reading the lowest point of the meniscus at eye level with the cylinder a volume measurement was obtained to the nearest 0. 1mL and recorded †¢ A 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask was then filled to the top with water and the graduate c ylinder was used to aid in recording the total volume in the flask. C. The Thermometer and Its Calibration To test the accuracy of the thermometer, it was calibrated using known measurements †¢ 50mL of ice was placed in a 250mL beaker and covered with distilled water. †¢ The ice-water mixture was allowed to set and come to equilibrium and measurements were taken and recorded. †¢ To test the boiling point, a 250-mL beaker ws set on a wire gause and iron ring half full with distilled water. †¢ The water was heated and measurements were periodically taken to determine the temperature of the water . †¢ The boiling point of water was recorded and a bp correction calculation was performed to determine the true boiling point at the observed pressure. D. Using the Balance to Calibrate the 10-mL Pipet †¢ A penny was weighed and the mass recorded About 40mL of distilled water was put in a 50-mL beaker †¢ The weight of an empty, dry 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask was weighted to the nearest 0. 1 mL †¢ The temperature of the water in the beaker was measured and recorded. †¢ Exactly 10 mL of water was pipet into the empty flask and the flask was weighed with the water. †¢ The weight of the water was determined by subtraction the mass of the empty flask from the mass obtained after the 10 mL of water was added. †¢ The density was calculated, and based on the temperature obtained previously, the accuracy of the pipet was determined. †¢ This procedure was repeated three more times CALCULATIONS: WRITE ALL CALCULATIONS IN THIS SECTION. NO NEED TO TYPE THEM OUT.CONCLUSION: The objective of this lab was to learn the use of simple lab equipment. In this experiment our group was able to learn basic laboratory protocols and become familiar with common equipment operation. We were able to successfully calibrate and standardize the equipment for future measurements to be taken. Overall there were minor errors that could have occurred including the following: not reading the bottom of the meniscus on the graduated cylinder procedure and dropping some water while transferring to flasks in procedure D. We completed all procedures proficiently otherwise and look forward to a semester of future experimentation.